Checking Eligibility for Income Based Mobile Home HVAC Loans

Checking Eligibility for Income Based Mobile Home HVAC Loans

Overview of HVAC needs specific to mobile homes

In today's world, where energy efficiency and sustainable living are increasingly prioritized, ensuring that mobile homes have access to modern HVAC systems is crucial. However, the cost of upgrading or installing these systems can be prohibitive for many homeowners. This is where income-based loan programs come into play, offering a lifeline for those who might otherwise find it challenging to afford these necessary improvements.


Income-based loan programs are designed to provide financial assistance to homeowners who may not have enough disposable income to invest in energy-efficient HVAC systems. Duct sealing helps reduce dust and allergens in mobile home interiors hvac mobile home attention. These programs typically assess applicants based on their income levels, ensuring that those with lower incomes have an opportunity to improve their living conditions while also contributing to environmental conservation efforts.


Checking eligibility for such loans involves several key steps. First and foremost, potential applicants must gather documentation that accurately represents their current financial situation. This usually includes pay stubs, tax returns, and any other relevant financial documents that can paint a clear picture of the applicant's income level. It's important for applicants to be thorough in this process because accurate information will help determine the kind of assistance they qualify for.


Once the necessary documentation is prepared, applicants will need to research available loan programs. Many government agencies and non-profit organizations offer specialized loans specifically tailored for mobile home owners looking to upgrade their HVAC systems. It's advisable to explore multiple options as eligibility criteria and benefits can vary significantly from one program to another.


The next step involves submitting an application. This process often includes completing an application form where applicants detail their financial circumstances and the specific improvements they wish to make. It may also require personal identification verification and proof of homeownership.


Upon submission, the application will undergo a review process wherein program administrators evaluate whether the applicant meets the eligibility requirements set forth by the specific loan program. This can include checks on income thresholds, credit scores, and sometimes even a site visit or inspection of the current HVAC system in place.


If approved, borrowers receive either direct funding or an arrangement through which they can acquire new HVAC systems at reduced rates or favorable financing terms. Successful applicants not only benefit from improved home comfort but also enjoy long-term savings through reduced energy consumption and utility bills.


In conclusion, checking eligibility for income-based mobile home HVAC loans is a structured process aimed at making sustainable living accessible across different economic strata. By understanding this process thoroughly and preparing adequately, mobile home owners can take significant steps toward enhancing both their quality of life and commitment to eco-friendly practices without bearing undue financial burdens.

When considering the installation of a new HVAC system in a mobile home, financial constraints often pose significant challenges. Fortunately, income-based HVAC loans offer a viable solution for many homeowners looking to improve their living conditions while managing costs. Understanding the eligibility criteria for these loans is crucial for anyone contemplating this option.


Income-based HVAC loans are designed to assist low-to-moderate income families in accessing energy-efficient heating and cooling systems. These loans not only help reduce upfront costs but also promote energy savings over time, which can be particularly beneficial for mobile homeowners who may face higher energy expenses due to less insulation and older systems.


The first step in determining eligibility involves assessing household income. Typically, these programs target households earning below a certain percentage of the area's median income. This threshold varies depending on regional economic conditions and specific program guidelines. Applicants must provide proof of income through pay stubs, tax returns, or other official documentation to demonstrate their financial status.


In addition to income requirements, applicants must also consider creditworthiness. While traditional lending options often require high credit scores, income-based programs tend to be more lenient. They may accommodate those with lower scores or limited credit history since the primary goal is to make energy efficiency improvements accessible rather than maximizing lender profits.


Another critical aspect of eligibility is the type of property being upgraded. The loan typically applies specifically to mobile homes, so applicants must own or have long-term leasing agreements for their residences. Additionally, they should ensure that their property meets any structural prerequisites set by the loan provider-for instance, some lenders might require that the mobile home is permanently affixed to land owned by the applicant.


Lastly, potential recipients should prepare for an evaluation of existing HVAC systems and overall home condition. Many programs include an inspection requirement to ensure that replacing or upgrading current systems makes sense economically and environmentally.


In conclusion, checking eligibility for income-based mobile home HVAC loans involves understanding several key factors: household income levels, credit standings, property ownership status, and compliance with program-specific requirements. By navigating these criteria effectively, homeowners can access necessary funds to enhance their living environment while promoting sustainable energy use-a win-win scenario that benefits both individuals and broader communities alike.

Aligning Equipment Compatibility with Financing Options in Mobile Homes

Aligning Equipment Compatibility with Financing Options in Mobile Homes

In the dynamic world of mobile homes, aligning equipment compatibility with financing options is a crucial element that can significantly impact the success of any project.. The process involves ensuring that the equipment used in mobile home construction or renovation is not only technically suitable but also financially feasible.

Posted by on 2024-12-30

Comprehensive Guide to Financing Mobile Home AC Systems by Brand

Comprehensive Guide to Financing Mobile Home AC Systems by Brand

When it comes to financing an air conditioning (AC) system for a mobile home, there are several common mistakes that consumers should be wary of to ensure a smooth and financially sound transaction.. A comprehensive understanding of these pitfalls can save you from unnecessary stress and financial strain in the long run. One prevalent mistake is failing to conduct thorough research before committing to a specific brand or financing option.

Posted by on 2024-12-30

Understanding Financing Options for Mobile Home HVAC

When embarking on the journey of securing an income-based mobile home HVAC loan, understanding and preparing the necessary documentation becomes an essential step in ensuring a smooth application process. The intricacies of such loans demand a thorough examination of one's financial standing to ascertain eligibility, and this starts with gathering the right documents.


First and foremost, proof of income is the cornerstone document required for checking eligibility. Lenders need assurance that applicants have a stable income stream sufficient to meet loan repayment obligations. This typically involves submitting recent pay stubs, tax returns, or any other verifiable source of income like social security benefits or pension statements. For self-employed individuals, profit and loss statements along with previous tax returns might be necessary to provide a comprehensive overview of earnings.


Equally important is documentation proving residency in the mobile home for which the HVAC system upgrade is intended. Utility bills showing your name and address can often suffice here, as they establish not only residence but also demonstrate ongoing utility usage-a relevant factor when considering energy-efficient HVAC installations.


Additionally, lenders may require personal identification documents such as a driver's license or passport to verify identity. This ensures that all information provided aligns with official records-a crucial step in preventing fraud and ensuring transparency throughout the application process.


Another pivotal aspect is credit history documentation. Although income-based loans may focus more on current financial capacity than past credit performance, understanding your credit background helps lenders evaluate your overall reliability as a borrower. Thus, having a recent copy of your credit report ready can facilitate this part of the assessment.


Moreover, if applicable, documentation related to existing debts or liabilities should be compiled diligently. This encompasses any outstanding loans or financial commitments which could impact your ability to repay new debt obligations.


Finally, consider including any additional paperwork that might strengthen your application-such as letters explaining past credit issues or demonstrating consistent efforts towards improving financial health. These supplementary documents can provide valuable context that complements standard requirements.


In essence, preparing necessary documentation for an income-based mobile home HVAC loan requires careful attention to detail and organization. By proactively assembling these materials-proofs of income and residency, identification details, credit reports, and evidence of liabilities-you position yourself favorably within the eligibility screening process. Not only does this streamline interactions with potential lenders but it also enhances your credibility as a responsible borrower committed to achieving energy-efficient living solutions through appropriate financial channels.

Understanding Financing Options for Mobile Home HVAC

Explanation of common financing packages available

Determining your financial eligibility for income-based mobile home HVAC loans can feel like navigating a labyrinth of numbers and paperwork. However, breaking it down into manageable steps can simplify the process and help you understand where you stand financially.


The first step is to gather all pertinent financial documents. These typically include recent pay stubs, tax returns from the past two years, bank statements, and any documentation of additional income sources such as child support or rental income. Having these documents at hand will provide a clear picture of your financial situation and prove invaluable when dealing with lenders.


Next, calculate your total monthly income. This involves adding up all sources of regular income that contribute to your household budget. Understanding your monthly cash flow is crucial because it sets the stage for determining what kind of loan you might qualify for.


Once you've established your monthly income, it's time to assess your current expenses. List out all recurring monthly expenditures such as rent or mortgage payments, utilities, insurance premiums, groceries, transportation costs, and any outstanding debts like credit card balances or personal loans. Subtracting these expenses from your total monthly income will give you a clearer view of how much disposable income you have available for potential loan repayments.


With this information in hand, calculate your debt-to-income (DTI) ratio-a key metric that lenders use to assess your ability to manage additional debt responsibly. To find this ratio, divide your total monthly debt obligations by your gross monthly income and multiply by 100 to get a percentage. A lower DTI ratio suggests better financial health and could improve your chances of qualifying for an HVAC loan.


After understanding your financial standing through these calculations, research various lenders who offer mobile home HVAC loans based on income eligibility. Each lender may have different criteria and thresholds for what they consider financially eligible borrowers. Look for lenders who specialize in working with clients in similar situations as yours-those offering programs specifically tailored to low-income households or those living in mobile homes.


Finally, once you've identified potential lending options, reach out to them directly to discuss their specific requirements and application processes. Be prepared to present all the documents you've gathered along with the calculations you've made regarding your finances.


In conclusion, determining financial eligibility for an income-based mobile home HVAC loan involves careful preparation and self-assessment. By taking these structured steps-gathering documents, calculating income and expenses, understanding DTI ratios-you empower yourself not just in securing a loan but also in gaining a deeper insight into managing personal finances effectively.

Key factors to consider when choosing a financing option

Meeting eligibility requirements for income-based mobile home HVAC loans can be a daunting task for many individuals seeking financial assistance to improve their living conditions. These loans offer a valuable opportunity for low-income families to upgrade or replace outdated and inefficient heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems in their homes. However, the path to securing such financial support is often fraught with challenges that can deter potential applicants.


One of the primary challenges in meeting eligibility requirements is navigating the complexity of documentation needed to prove income status. Applicants must provide comprehensive financial records, including pay stubs, tax returns, and bank statements. For those who are self-employed or work in informal sectors, gathering these documents can be particularly difficult. Additionally, understanding which documents are relevant and how they should be presented often requires guidance that is not readily available.


Another common challenge is understanding the specific criteria set by lenders or government programs offering these loans. Each program may have different thresholds for qualifying income levels, family size considerations, and regional cost-of-living adjustments. This variability can lead to confusion among applicants who may not know if they meet all necessary conditions for approval.


Furthermore, credit history remains a significant barrier for many potential borrowers. Even though these loans are designed to assist low-income households, lenders still consider credit scores as part of the eligibility assessment process. Many individuals from economically disadvantaged backgrounds may have poor or limited credit histories due to past financial struggles or lack of access to traditional banking services.


In addition to personal and financial hurdles, there are often administrative barriers within the loan application process itself. Long waiting periods for application reviews and approvals can discourage applicants who need urgent improvements in their home's HVAC system. Moreover, insufficient communication from lending institutions regarding application status or additional requirements further complicates an already challenging process.


To overcome these challenges, it is crucial for organizations offering income-based mobile home HVAC loans to provide clear guidelines and resources that simplify the application process. Outreach programs that educate potential applicants about eligibility criteria and required documentation can empower more families to successfully secure these essential funds. Additionally, establishing partnerships with local community organizations can help disseminate information more effectively and provide personalized assistance throughout the application journey.


In conclusion, while income-based mobile home HVAC loans present an invaluable opportunity for improving living conditions among low-income families, various obstacles make it difficult for many eligible candidates to access them. By addressing issues related to documentation complexity, variable program criteria, credit history concerns, and administrative inefficiencies through targeted educational initiatives and streamlined processes, we can enhance accessibility and ensure that more families benefit from this critical financial aid.

Personal Loans for HVAC Systems

Securing a loan for upgrading or installing a new HVAC system in a mobile home can be a significant financial decision. For those seeking income-based loans, understanding and improving your eligibility chances is crucial. Here are some tips to enhance your prospects when applying for an HVAC loan tailored to mobile homes.


Firstly, it is important to understand the basic eligibility criteria set by lenders for income-based loans. Typically, these include an income threshold, residency requirements, and proof of employment or stable revenue sources. Having a clear understanding of these prerequisites allows you to assess your standing before applying and make necessary adjustments if needed.


One of the most effective ways to improve your eligibility is by organizing and documenting your financial history meticulously. Lenders prefer applicants who demonstrate fiscal responsibility. Start by gathering documents such as pay stubs, tax returns, bank statements, and any other relevant financial records that outline your income and expenses over time. A well-documented financial history not only portrays transparency but also builds trust with potential lenders.


Additionally, working on improving your credit score can significantly boost your chances of approval. Even though these loans are income-based, credit scores still play a vital role in assessing risk from the lender's perspective. Begin by checking your credit report for any errors or discrepancies that could negatively impact your score. Pay down existing debts if possible, and avoid taking on new debt before applying for the loan.


Another valuable tip is to explore various financing options available specifically for mobile home owners. Some government programs or non-profit organizations offer subsidized loans or grants designed to assist low-income families with essential home improvements like HVAC systems. Researching these options can lead you to more favorable terms compared to traditional lending institutions.


Engaging with local community groups or housing counselors can also provide access to resources and advice tailored towards improving loan eligibility. These professionals often have insights into niche programs that may not be widely advertised but could prove beneficial given individual circumstances.


Lastly, demonstrating stability in both residence and employment can further strengthen your application. Lenders tend to favor applicants who have long-term ties within their community as it suggests reliability and less risk of defaulting on payments.


In conclusion, while the process of securing an income-based HVAC loan for a mobile home may seem daunting at first glance, following these strategic steps can enhance your eligibility prospects significantly. By ensuring thorough preparation-ranging from improving credit scores to seeking out specialized funding options-you position yourself as a more appealing candidate ready to undertake this critical home improvement project responsibly.

A modern "triple wide" home

Manufactured housing (commonly known as mobile homes in the United States) is a type of prefabricated housing that is largely assembled in factories and then transported to sites of use. The definition of the term in the United States is regulated by federal law (Code of Federal Regulations, 24 CFR 3280): "Manufactured homes are built as dwelling units of at least 320 square feet (30 m2) in size with a permanent chassis to assure the initial and continued transportability of the home."[1] The requirement to have a wheeled chassis permanently attached differentiates "manufactured housing" from other types of prefabricated homes, such as modular homes.

United States

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Definition

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According to the Manufactured Housing Institute's National Communities Council (MHINCC), manufactured homes[2]

are homes built entirely in the factory under a federal building code administered by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). The Federal Manufactured Home Construction and Safety Standards (commonly known as the HUD Code) went into effect June 15, 1976. Manufactured homes may be single- or multi-section and are transported to the site and installed.

The MHINCC distinguishes among several types of factory-built housing: manufactured homes, modular homes, panelized homes, pre-cut homes, and mobile homes.

From the same source, mobile home "is the term used for manufactured homes produced prior to June 15, 1976, when the HUD Code went into effect."[2] Despite the formal definition, mobile home and trailer are still common terms in the United States for this type of housing.

History

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The original focus of this form of housing was its ability to relocate easily. Units were initially marketed primarily to people whose lifestyle required mobility. However, beginning in the 1950s, these homes began to be marketed primarily as an inexpensive form of housing designed to be set up and left in a location for long periods of time, or even permanently installed with a masonry foundation. Previously, units had been eight feet or less in width, but in 1956, the 10-foot (3.0 m) wide home was introduced. This helped solidify the line between mobile and house/travel trailers, since the smaller units could be moved simply with an automobile, but the larger, wider units required the services of a professional trucking company. In the 1960s and '70s, the homes became even longer and wider, making the mobility of the units more difficult. Today, when a factory-built home is moved to a location, it is usually kept there permanently. The mobility of the units has decreased considerably.

The factory-built homes of the past developed a negative stereotype because of their lower cost and the tendency for their value to depreciate more quickly than site-built homes. The tendency of these homes to rapidly depreciate in resale value made using them as collateral for loans far riskier than traditional home loans. Loan terms were usually limited to less than the 30-year term typical of the general home-loan market, and interest rates were considerably higher. In other words, these home loans resembled motor vehicle loans far more than traditional home mortgages. They have been consistently linked to lower-income families, which has led to prejudice and zoning restrictions, which include limitations on the number and density of homes permitted on any given site, minimum size requirements, limitations on exterior colors and finishes, and foundation mandates.

Many jurisdictions do not allow the placement of any additional factory-built homes, while others have strongly limited or forbidden all single-wide models, which tend to depreciate more rapidly than modern double-wide models. The derogatory concept of a "trailer park" is typically older single-wide homes occupying small, rented lots and remaining on wheels, even if the home stays in place for decades.

Modern manufactured homes

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A manufactured house ready to be assembled in Grass Valley, California

Modern homes, especially modular homes, belie this image and can be identical in appearance to site-built homes. Newer homes, particularly double-wides, tend to be built to much higher standards than their predecessors. This has led to a reduction in the rate of value depreciation of many used units.

A manufactured house just before construction of its garage
Stick built garage being added to a new manufactured house

Although great strides have been made in terms of quality, manufactured homes do still struggle with construction problems. Author Wes Johnson has pointed out that the HUD code which governs manufactured homes desperately needs to be updated, quality control at manufacturing facilities are often lax, and set-up issues often compromise even a well-made manufactured home. Johnson states buyers need to be exceptionally cautious if they are entertaining the idea of purchasing any manufactured home by carefully checking it for defects before signing the contract and supervising the set-up process closely. These homes in the modern age are built to be beautiful and last longer than the typical old trailers.[citation needed]

When FEMA studied the destruction wrought by Hurricane Andrew in Dade County Florida, they concluded that modular and masonry homes fared best compared to other construction.[3]

High-performance manufactured housing

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While manufactured homes are considered to be affordable housing, older models can be some of the most expensive in the nation to heat due to energy inefficiency.[4] High-performance manufactured housing uses less energy and therefore increases life-cycle affordability by decreasing operating costs. High-performance housing is not only energy efficient, but also attractive, functional, water-efficient, resilient to wind, seismic forces, and moisture penetration, and has healthy indoor environmental quality. Achieving high-performance involves integrated, whole building design, involving many components, not one single technology. High–performance manufactured housing should also include energy efficient appliances, such as Energy Star qualified appliances.[4] Energy Star requires ample insulation: 2x6 walls: R21, roof: R40, floor: R33.

Difference from modular homes

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Both types of homes - manufactured and modular - are commonly referred to as factory-built housing, but they are not identical. Modular homes are built to International Residential Code (IRC) code. Modular homes can be transported on flatbed trucks rather than being towed, and can lack axles and an automotive-type frame. However, some modular houses are towed behind a semi-truck or toter on a frame similar to that of a trailer. The house is usually in two pieces and is hauled by two separate trucks. Each frame has five or more axles, depending on the size of the house. Once the house has reached its location, the axles and the tongue of the frame are then removed, and the house is set on a concrete foundation by a large crane. Some modern modular homes, once fully assembled, are indistinguishable from site-built homes. In addition, modular homes:

  • must conform to the same local, state and regional building codes as homes built on-site;
  • are treated the same by banks as homes built on-site. They are easily refinanced, for example;
  • must be structurally approved by inspectors;
  • can be of any size, although the block sections from which they are assembled are uniformly sized;[5][6]

Difference from IRC codes homes (site built)

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Manufactured homes have several standard requirements that are more stringent than International Residential Code homes.

Fire Protection

A National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) study from July 2011 shows that occurrence of fires is lower in manufactured housing and the injury rate is lower in manufactured housing. The justification behind the superior fire safety is due to the following higher standard requirements:

  • The HUD standard requires a flame spread of 25 or less in water heater and furnace compartments.
  • The HUD standard requires a flame spread of 50 or less on the wall behind the range.
  • The HUD standard requires a flame spread of 75 or less on the ceilings.
  • The HUD standard requires a flame spread of 25 or less to protect the bottoms and side of kitchen cabinets around the range.
  • The HUD standard requires additional protection of cabinets above the range.
  • The HUD standard requires trim larger than 6" to meet flame spread requirements.
  • The HUD standard requires smoke detectors in the general living area.
  • The HUD standard requires 2 exterior doors.
  • The HUD standard requires bedroom doors to be within 35 feet of an exterior door.

Bay Area

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The San Francisco Bay Area, located in Northern California, is known for its high real estate prices, making manufactured housing an increasingly popular alternative to traditional real estate.[7] It is mainly the value of the land that makes real estate in this area so expensive. As of May 2011, the median price of a home in Santa Clara was $498,000,[8] while the most expensive manufactured home with all the premium features was only $249,000.[9] This drastic price difference is due to the fact that manufactured homes are typically placed in communities where individuals do not own the land, but instead pay a monthly site fee. This enables a consumer, who could otherwise not afford to live in the Bay Area, the opportunity to own a new home in this location. There are various communities of manufactured homes in the Bay Area, the largest being Casa de Amigos, located in Sunnyvale, California.

Australia

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An Australian modern prefabricated house

In Australia these homes are commonly known as transportable homes, relocatable homes or prefabricated homes (not to be confused with the American meaning of the term). They are not as common as in the US, but the industry is expected to grow as this method of construction becomes more accepted.

Manufactured home parks refer to housing estates where the house owner rents the land instead of owning it. This is quite common in Queensland in both the form of tourist parks and over fifty estates. The term transportable homes tends to be used to refer to houses that are built on land that is owned by the house owner.[citation needed]

Typically the homes are built in regional areas where the cost of organizing tradespeople and materials is higher than in the cities. In particular prefabricated homes have been popular in mining towns or other towns experiencing demand for new housing in excess of what can be handled by local builders. This method of construction is governed by state construction legislation and is subject to local council approval and homeowners' warranty or home warranty insurance.

Construction process

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A manufactured home is built entirely inside a huge, climate-controlled factory by a team of craftsmen. The first step in the process is the flooring, which is built in sections, each attached to a permanent chassis with its own wheels and secured for transport upon the home's completion. Depending on the size of the house and the floorplan's layout, there may be two, three or even four sections. The flooring sections have heating, electrical and plumbing connections pre-installed before they are finished with laminate, tile or hardwood. Next, the walls are constructed on a flat level surface with insulation and interior Sheetrock before being lifted by crane into position and secured to the floor sections. The interior ceilings and roof struts are next, vapor sealed and secured to each section's wall frame before being shingled. Then, the exterior siding is added, along with the installation of doors and windows. Finally, interior finishing, such as sealing the drywall, is completed, along with fixture installation and finishing the electrical and plumbing connections. The exposed portions of each section, where they will eventually be joined together, are wrapped in plastic to protect them for transport.

With all the building site prep work completed, the building will be delivered by trucks towing the individual sections on their permanent chassis. The sections will be joined together securely, and all final plumbing and electrical connections are made before a decorative skirt or facade is applied to the bottom exterior of the house, hiding the chassis and finishing off the look of the home.

See also

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  • Modular home
  • Prefabrication
  • Prefabricated home
  • Reefer container housing units
  • British post-war temporary prefab houses
  • HUD USER
  • Regulatory Barriers Clearinghouse
  • Lustron house
  • Cardinal Industries, Inc.
  • Dymaxion house
  • Excel Homes
  • All American Homes
  • All Parks Alliance for Change

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "HUD.gov / U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)". portal.hud.gov. Archived from the original on 2017-05-14. Retrieved 2020-03-24.
  2. ^ a b "What is a Manufactured Home?" Manufactured Housing Institute's National Communities Council, accessed 6 July 2011 Archived 23 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  3. ^ "FIA 22, Mitigation Assessment Team Report: Hurricane Andrew in Florida (1993) - FEMA.gov". www.fema.gov.
  4. ^ a b Environmental and Energy Study Institute. "Issue Brief: High-Performance Manufactured Housing". eesi.org. Retrieved August 2, 2011.
  5. ^ https://homenation.com/mobile-vs-modular/ Modular home vs Manufactured home
  6. ^ Kit Homes Guide
  7. ^ "2011 Coldwell Banker U.S. Home Listing Report". Coldwell Banker. Retrieved 6 July 2011.
  8. ^ "Bay Area May Home Sales, Median Price Inch Up From April; Fall below 2010". DataQuick. Retrieved 6 July 2011.
  9. ^ "Sunnyvale Model Home". Alliance Manufactured Homes. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 6 July 2011.

 

 

External heat exchanger of an air-source heat pump for both heating and cooling
Mitsubishi heat pump interior air handler wall unit

A heat pump is a device that consumes energy (usually electricity) to transfer heat from a cold heat sink to a hot heat sink. Specifically, the heat pump transfers thermal energy using a refrigeration cycle, cooling the cool space and warming the warm space.[1] In cold weather, a heat pump can move heat from the cool outdoors to warm a house (e.g. winter); the pump may also be designed to move heat from the house to the warmer outdoors in warm weather (e.g. summer). As they transfer heat rather than generating heat, they are more energy-efficient than other ways of heating or cooling a home.[2]

A gaseous refrigerant is compressed so its pressure and temperature rise. When operating as a heater in cold weather, the warmed gas flows to a heat exchanger in the indoor space where some of its thermal energy is transferred to that indoor space, causing the gas to condense to its liquid state. The liquified refrigerant flows to a heat exchanger in the outdoor space where the pressure falls, the liquid evaporates and the temperature of the gas falls. It is now colder than the temperature of the outdoor space being used as a heat source. It can again take up energy from the heat source, be compressed and repeat the cycle.

Air source heat pumps are the most common models, while other types include ground source heat pumps, water source heat pumps and exhaust air heat pumps.[3] Large-scale heat pumps are also used in district heating systems.[4]

The efficiency of a heat pump is expressed as a coefficient of performance (COP), or seasonal coefficient of performance (SCOP). The higher the number, the more efficient a heat pump is. For example, an air-to-water heat pump that produces 6kW at a SCOP of 4.62 will give over 4kW of energy into a heating system for every kilowatt of energy that the heat pump uses itself to operate. When used for space heating, heat pumps are typically more energy-efficient than electric resistance and other heaters.

Because of their high efficiency and the increasing share of fossil-free sources in electrical grids, heat pumps are playing a role in climate change mitigation.[5][6] Consuming 1 kWh of electricity, they can transfer 1[7] to 4.5 kWh of thermal energy into a building. The carbon footprint of heat pumps depends on how electricity is generated, but they usually reduce emissions.[8] Heat pumps could satisfy over 80% of global space and water heating needs with a lower carbon footprint than gas-fired condensing boilers: however, in 2021 they only met 10%.[4]

Principle of operation

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A: indoor compartment, B: outdoor compartment, I: insulation, 1: condenser, 2: expansion valve, 3: evaporator, 4: compressor

Heat flows spontaneously from a region of higher temperature to a region of lower temperature. Heat does not flow spontaneously from lower temperature to higher, but it can be made to flow in this direction if work is performed. The work required to transfer a given amount of heat is usually much less than the amount of heat; this is the motivation for using heat pumps in applications such as the heating of water and the interior of buildings.[9]

The amount of work required to drive an amount of heat Q from a lower-temperature reservoir such as ambient air to a higher-temperature reservoir such as the interior of a building is: where

  • is the work performed on the working fluid by the heat pump's compressor.
  • is the heat transferred from the lower-temperature reservoir to the higher-temperature reservoir.
  • is the instantaneous coefficient of performance for the heat pump at the temperatures prevailing in the reservoirs at one instant.

The coefficient of performance of a heat pump is greater than one so the work required is less than the heat transferred, making a heat pump a more efficient form of heating than electrical resistance heating. As the temperature of the higher-temperature reservoir increases in response to the heat flowing into it, the coefficient of performance decreases, causing an increasing amount of work to be required for each unit of heat being transferred.[9]

The coefficient of performance, and the work required by a heat pump can be calculated easily by considering an ideal heat pump operating on the reversed Carnot cycle:

  • If the low-temperature reservoir is at a temperature of 270 K (−3 °C) and the interior of the building is at 280 K (7 °C) the relevant coefficient of performance is 27. This means only 1 joule of work is required to transfer 27 joules of heat from a reservoir at 270 K to another at 280 K. The one joule of work ultimately ends up as thermal energy in the interior of the building so for each 27 joules of heat that are removed from the low-temperature reservoir, 28 joules of heat are added to the building interior, making the heat pump even more attractive from an efficiency perspective.[note 1]
  • As the temperature of the interior of the building rises progressively to 300 K (27 °C) the coefficient of performance falls progressively to 9. This means each joule of work is responsible for transferring 9 joules of heat out of the low-temperature reservoir and into the building. Again, the 1 joule of work ultimately ends up as thermal energy in the interior of the building so 10 joules of heat are added to the building interior.[note 2]

This is the theoretical amount of heat pumped but in practice it will be less for various reasons, for example if the outside unit has been installed where there is not enough airflow. More data sharing with owners and academics—perhaps from heat meters—could improve efficiency in the long run.[11]

History

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Milestones:

1748
William Cullen demonstrates artificial refrigeration.[12]
1834
Jacob Perkins patents a design for a practical refrigerator using dimethyl ether.[13]
1852
Lord Kelvin describes the theory underlying heat pumps.[14]
1855–1857
Peter von Rittinger develops and builds the first heat pump.[15]
1877
In the period before 1875, heat pumps were for the time being pursued for vapour compression evaporation (open heat pump process) in salt works with their obvious advantages for saving wood and coal. In 1857, Peter von Rittinger was the first to try to implement the idea of vapor compression in a small pilot plant. Presumably inspired by Rittinger's experiments in Ebensee, Antoine-Paul Piccard from the University of Lausanne and the engineer J. H. Weibel from the Weibel–Briquet company in Geneva built the world's first really functioning vapor compression system with a two-stage piston compressor. In 1877 this first heat pump in Switzerland was installed in the Bex salt works.[14][16]
1928
Aurel Stodola constructs a closed-loop heat pump (water source from Lake Geneva) which provides heating for the Geneva city hall to this day.[17]
1937–1945
During the First World War, fuel prices were very high in Switzerland but it had plenty of hydropower.[14]: 18  In the period before and especially during the Second World War, when neutral Switzerland was completely surrounded by fascist-ruled countries, the coal shortage became alarming again. Thanks to their leading position in energy technology, the Swiss companies Sulzer, Escher Wyss and Brown Boveri built and put in operation around 35 heat pumps between 1937 and 1945. The main heat sources were lake water, river water, groundwater, and waste heat. Particularly noteworthy are the six historic heat pumps from the city of Zurich with heat outputs from 100 kW to 6 MW. An international milestone is the heat pump built by Escher Wyss in 1937/38 to replace the wood stoves in the City Hall of Zurich. To avoid noise and vibrations, a recently developed rotary piston compressor was used. This historic heat pump heated the town hall for 63 years until 2001. Only then was it replaced by a new, more efficient heat pump.[14]
1945
John Sumner, City Electrical Engineer for Norwich, installs an experimental water-source heat pump fed central heating system, using a nearby river to heat new Council administrative buildings. It had a seasonal efficiency ratio of 3.42, average thermal delivery of 147 kW, and peak output of 234 kW.[18]
1948
Robert C. Webber is credited as developing and building the first ground-source heat pump.[19]
1951
First large scale installation—the Royal Festival Hall in London is opened with a town gas-powered reversible water-source heat pump, fed by the Thames, for both winter heating and summer cooling needs.[18]
2019
The Kigali Amendment to phase out harmful refrigerants takes effect.

Types

[edit]

Air-source

[edit]
Heat pump on balcony of apartment

An air source heat pump (ASHP) is a heat pump that can absorb heat from air outside a building and release it inside; it uses the same vapor-compression refrigeration process and much the same equipment as an air conditioner, but in the opposite direction. ASHPs are the most common type of heat pump and, usually being smaller, tend to be used to heat individual houses or flats rather than blocks, districts or industrial processes.[20][21]

Air-to-air heat pumps provide hot or cold air directly to rooms, but do not usually provide hot water. Air-to-water heat pumps use radiators or underfloor heating to heat a whole house and are often also used to provide domestic hot water.

An ASHP can typically gain 4 kWh thermal energy from 1 kWh electric energy. They are optimized for flow temperatures between 30 and 40 °C (86 and 104 °F), suitable for buildings with heat emitters sized for low flow temperatures. With losses in efficiency, an ASHP can even provide full central heating with a flow temperature up to 80 °C (176 °F).[22]

As of 2023 about 10% of building heating worldwide is from ASHPs. They are the main way to phase out gas boilers (also known as "furnaces") from houses, to avoid their greenhouse gas emissions.[23]

Air-source heat pumps are used to move heat between two heat exchangers, one outside the building which is fitted with fins through which air is forced using a fan and the other which either directly heats the air inside the building or heats water which is then circulated around the building through radiators or underfloor heating which releases the heat to the building. These devices can also operate in a cooling mode where they extract heat via the internal heat exchanger and eject it into the ambient air using the external heat exchanger. Some can be used to heat water for washing which is stored in a domestic hot water tank.[24]

Air-source heat pumps are relatively easy and inexpensive to install, so are the most widely used type. In mild weather, coefficient of performance (COP) may be between 2 and 5, while at temperatures below around −8 °C (18 °F) an air-source heat pump may still achieve a COP of 1 to 4.[25]

While older air-source heat pumps performed relatively poorly at low temperatures and were better suited for warm climates, newer models with variable-speed compressors remain highly efficient in freezing conditions allowing for wide adoption and cost savings in places like Minnesota and Maine in the United States.[26]

Ground source

[edit]
 
A heat pump in combination with heat and cold storage

A ground source heat pump (also geothermal heat pump) is a heating/cooling system for buildings that use a type of heat pump to transfer heat to or from the ground, taking advantage of the relative constancy of temperatures of the earth through the seasons. Ground-source heat pumps (GSHPs) – or geothermal heat pumps (GHP), as they are commonly termed in North America – are among the most energy-efficient technologies for providing HVAC and water heating, using far less energy than can be achieved by burning a fuel in a boiler/furnace or by use of resistive electric heaters.

Efficiency is given as a coefficient of performance (CoP) which is typically in the range 3 – 6, meaning that the devices provide 3 – 6 units of heat for each unit of electricity used. Setup costs are higher than for other heating systems, due to the requirement to install ground loops over large areas or to drill bore holes, and for this reason, ground source is often suitable when new blocks of flats are built.[27] Otherwise air-source heat pumps are often used instead.

Heat recovery ventilation

[edit]

Exhaust air heat pumps extract heat from the exhaust air of a building and require mechanical ventilation. Two classes exist:

  • Exhaust air-air heat pumps transfer heat to intake air.
  • Exhaust air-water heat pumps transfer heat to a heating circuit that includes a tank of domestic hot water.

Solar-assisted

[edit]
 
Hybrid photovoltaic-thermal solar panels of a SAHP in an experimental installation at Department of Energy at Polytechnic of Milan

A solar-assisted heat pump (SAHP) is a machine that combines a heat pump and thermal solar panels and/or PV solar panels in a single integrated system.[28] Typically these two technologies are used separately (or only placing them in parallel) to produce hot water.[29] In this system the solar thermal panel performs the function of the low temperature heat source and the heat produced is used to feed the heat pump's evaporator.[30] The goal of this system is to get high coefficient of performance (COP) and then produce energy in a more efficient and less expensive way.

It is possible to use any type of solar thermal panel (sheet and tubes, roll-bond, heat pipe, thermal plates) or hybrid (mono/polycrystalline, thin film) in combination with the heat pump. The use of a hybrid panel is preferable because it allows covering a part of the electricity demand of the heat pump and reduce the power consumption and consequently the variable costs of the system.

Water-source

[edit]
Water-source heat exchanger being installed

A water-source heat pump works in a similar manner to a ground-source heat pump, except that it takes heat from a body of water rather than the ground. The body of water does, however, need to be large enough to be able to withstand the cooling effect of the unit without freezing or creating an adverse effect for wildlife.[31] The largest water-source heat pump was installed in the Danish town of Esbjerg in 2023.[32][33]

Others

[edit]

A thermoacoustic heat pump operates as a thermoacoustic heat engine without refrigerant but instead uses a standing wave in a sealed chamber driven by a loudspeaker to achieve a temperature difference across the chamber.[34]

Electrocaloric heat pumps are solid state.[35]

Applications

[edit]

The International Energy Agency estimated that, as of 2021, heat pumps installed in buildings have a combined capacity of more than 1000 GW.[4] They are used for heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) and may also provide domestic hot water and tumble clothes drying.[36] The purchase costs are supported in various countries by consumer rebates.[37]

Space heating and sometimes also cooling

[edit]

In HVAC applications, a heat pump is typically a vapor-compression refrigeration device that includes a reversing valve and optimized heat exchangers so that the direction of heat flow (thermal energy movement) may be reversed. The reversing valve switches the direction of refrigerant through the cycle and therefore the heat pump may deliver either heating or cooling to a building.

Because the two heat exchangers, the condenser and evaporator, must swap functions, they are optimized to perform adequately in both modes. Therefore, the Seasonal Energy Efficiency Rating (SEER in the US) or European seasonal energy efficiency ratio of a reversible heat pump is typically slightly less than those of two separately optimized machines. For equipment to receive the US Energy Star rating, it must have a rating of at least 14 SEER. Pumps with ratings of 18 SEER or above are considered highly efficient. The highest efficiency heat pumps manufactured are up to 24 SEER.[38]

Heating seasonal performance factor (in the US) or Seasonal Performance Factor (in Europe) are ratings of heating performance. The SPF is Total heat output per annum / Total electricity consumed per annum in other words the average heating COP over the year.[39]

Window mounted heat pump

[edit]
Saddle-style window mounted heat pump 3D sketch

Window mounted heat pumps run on standard 120v AC outlets and provide heating, cooling, and humidity control. They are more efficient with lower noise levels, condensation management, and a smaller footprint than window mounted air conditioners that just do cooling.[40]

Water heating

[edit]

In water heating applications, heat pumps may be used to heat or preheat water for swimming pools, homes or industry. Usually heat is extracted from outdoor air and transferred to an indoor water tank.[41][42]

District heating

[edit]

Large (megawatt-scale) heat pumps are used for district heating.[43] However as of 2022 about 90% of district heat is from fossil fuels.[44] In Europe, heat pumps account for a mere 1% of heat supply in district heating networks but several countries have targets to decarbonise their networks between 2030 and 2040.[4] Possible sources of heat for such applications are sewage water, ambient water (e.g. sea, lake and river water), industrial waste heat, geothermal energy, flue gas, waste heat from district cooling and heat from solar seasonal thermal energy storage.[45] Large-scale heat pumps for district heating combined with thermal energy storage offer high flexibility for the integration of variable renewable energy. Therefore, they are regarded as a key technology for limiting climate change by phasing out fossil fuels.[45][46] They are also a crucial element of systems which can both heat and cool districts.[47]

Industrial heating

[edit]

There is great potential to reduce the energy consumption and related greenhouse gas emissions in industry by application of industrial heat pumps, for example for process heat.[48][49] Short payback periods of less than 2 years are possible, while achieving a high reduction of CO2 emissions (in some cases more than 50%).[50][51] Industrial heat pumps can heat up to 200 °C, and can meet the heating demands of many light industries.[52][53] In Europe alone, 15 GW of heat pumps could be installed in 3,000 facilities in the paper, food and chemicals industries.[4]

Performance

[edit]

The performance of a heat pump is determined by the ability of the pump to extract heat from a low temperature environment (the source) and deliver it to a higher temperature environment (the sink).[54] Performance varies, depending on installation details, temperature differences, site elevation, location on site, pipe runs, flow rates, and maintenance.

In general, heat pumps work most efficiently (that is, the heat output produced for a given energy input) when the difference between the heat source and the heat sink is small. When using a heat pump for space or water heating, therefore, the heat pump will be most efficient in mild conditions, and decline in efficiency on very cold days. Performance metrics supplied to consumers attempt to take this variation into account.

Common performance metrics are the SEER (in cooling mode) and seasonal coefficient of performance (SCOP) (commonly used just for heating), although SCOP can be used for both modes of operation.[54] Larger values of either metric indicate better performance.[54] When comparing the performance of heat pumps, the term performance is preferred to efficiency, with coefficient of performance (COP) being used to describe the ratio of useful heat movement per work input.[54] An electrical resistance heater has a COP of 1.0, which is considerably lower than a well-designed heat pump which will typically have a COP of 3 to 5 with an external temperature of 10 °C and an internal temperature of 20 °C. Because the ground is a constant temperature source, a ground-source heat pump is not subjected to large temperature fluctuations, and therefore is the most energy-efficient type of heat pump.[54]

The "seasonal coefficient of performance" (SCOP) is a measure of the aggregate energy efficiency measure over a period of one year which is dependent on regional climate.[54] One framework for this calculation is given by the Commission Regulation (EU) No. 813/2013.[55]

A heat pump's operating performance in cooling mode is characterized in the US by either its energy efficiency ratio (EER) or seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER), both of which have units of BTU/(h·W) (note that 1 BTU/(h·W) = 0.293 W/W) and larger values indicate better performance.

COP variation with output temperature
Pump type and source Typical use 35 °C
(e.g. heated screed floor)
45 °C
(e.g. heated screed floor)
55 °C
(e.g. heated timber floor)
65 °C
(e.g. radiator or DHW)
75 °C
(e.g. radiator and DHW)
85 °C
(e.g. radiator and DHW)
High-efficiency air-source heat pump (ASHP), air at −20 °C[56]   2.2 2.0 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
Two-stage ASHP, air at −20 °C[57] Low source temperature 2.4 2.2 1.9 ‐ ‐ ‐
High-efficiency ASHP, air at 0 °C[56] Low output temperature 3.8 2.8 2.2 2.0 ‐ ‐
Prototype transcritical CO
2
(R744) heat pump with tripartite gas cooler, source at 0 °C[58]
High output temperature 3.3 ‐ ‐ 4.2 ‐ 3.0
Ground-source heat pump (GSHP), water at 0 °C[56]   5.0 3.7 2.9 2.4 ‐ ‐
GSHP, ground at 10 °C[56] Low output temperature 7.2 5.0 3.7 2.9 2.4 ‐
Theoretical Carnot cycle limit, source −20 °C   5.6 4.9 4.4 4.0 3.7 3.4
Theoretical Carnot cycle limit, source 0 °C   8.8 7.1 6.0 5.2 4.6 4.2
Theoretical Lorentzen cycle limit (CO
2
pump), return fluid 25 °C, source 0 °C[58]
  10.1 8.8 7.9 7.1 6.5 6.1
Theoretical Carnot cycle limit, source 10 °C   12.3 9.1 7.3 6.1 5.4 4.8

Carbon footprint

[edit]

The carbon footprint of heat pumps depends on their individual efficiency and how electricity is produced. An increasing share of low-carbon energy sources such as wind and solar will lower the impact on the climate.

heating system emissions of energy source efficiency resulting emissions for thermal energy
heat pump with onshore wind power 11 gCO2/kWh[59] 400% (COP=4) 3 gCO2/kWh
heat pump with global electricity mix 436 gCO2/kWh[60] (2022) 400% (COP=4) 109 gCO2/kWh
natural-gas thermal (high efficiency) 201 gCO2/kWh[61] 90%[citation needed] 223 gCO2/kWh
heat pump
electricity by lignite (old power plant)
and low performance
1221 gCO2/kWh[61] 300% (COP=3) 407 gCO2/kWh

In most settings, heat pumps will reduce CO2 emissions compared to heating systems powered by fossil fuels.[62] In regions accounting for 70% of world energy consumption, the emissions savings of heat pumps compared with a high-efficiency gas boiler are on average above 45% and reach 80% in countries with cleaner electricity mixes.[4] These values can be improved by 10 percentage points, respectively, with alternative refrigerants. In the United States, 70% of houses could reduce emissions by installing a heat pump.[63][4] The rising share of renewable electricity generation in many countries is set to increase the emissions savings from heat pumps over time.[4]

Heating systems powered by green hydrogen are also low-carbon and may become competitors, but are much less efficient due to the energy loss associated with hydrogen conversion, transport and use. In addition, not enough green hydrogen is expected to be available before the 2030s or 2040s.[64][65]

Operation

[edit]
Figure 2: Temperature–entropy diagram of the vapor-compression cycle
An internal view of the outdoor unit of an Ecodan air source heat pump
Large heat pump setup for a commercial building
Wiring and connections to a central air unit inside

Vapor-compression uses a circulating refrigerant as the medium which absorbs heat from one space, compresses it thereby increasing its temperature before releasing it in another space. The system normally has eight main components: a compressor, a reservoir, a reversing valve which selects between heating and cooling mode, two thermal expansion valves (one used when in heating mode and the other when used in cooling mode) and two heat exchangers, one associated with the external heat source/sink and the other with the interior. In heating mode the external heat exchanger is the evaporator and the internal one being the condenser; in cooling mode the roles are reversed.

Circulating refrigerant enters the compressor in the thermodynamic state known as a saturated vapor[66] and is compressed to a higher pressure, resulting in a higher temperature as well. The hot, compressed vapor is then in the thermodynamic state known as a superheated vapor and it is at a temperature and pressure at which it can be condensed with either cooling water or cooling air flowing across the coil or tubes. In heating mode this heat is used to heat the building using the internal heat exchanger, and in cooling mode this heat is rejected via the external heat exchanger.

The condensed, liquid refrigerant, in the thermodynamic state known as a saturated liquid, is next routed through an expansion valve where it undergoes an abrupt reduction in pressure. That pressure reduction results in the adiabatic flash evaporation of a part of the liquid refrigerant. The auto-refrigeration effect of the adiabatic flash evaporation lowers the temperature of the liquid and-vapor refrigerant mixture to where it is colder than the temperature of the enclosed space to be refrigerated.

The cold mixture is then routed through the coil or tubes in the evaporator. A fan circulates the warm air in the enclosed space across the coil or tubes carrying the cold refrigerant liquid and vapor mixture. That warm air evaporates the liquid part of the cold refrigerant mixture. At the same time, the circulating air is cooled and thus lowers the temperature of the enclosed space to the desired temperature. The evaporator is where the circulating refrigerant absorbs and removes heat which is subsequently rejected in the condenser and transferred elsewhere by the water or air used in the condenser.

To complete the refrigeration cycle, the refrigerant vapor from the evaporator is again a saturated vapor and is routed back into the compressor.

Over time, the evaporator may collect ice or water from ambient humidity. The ice is melted through defrosting cycle. An internal heat exchanger is either used to heat/cool the interior air directly or to heat water that is then circulated through radiators or underfloor heating circuit to either heat or cool the buildings.

Improvement of coefficient of performance by subcooling

[edit]

Heat input can be improved if the refrigerant enters the evaporator with a lower vapor content. This can be achieved by cooling the liquid refrigerant after condensation. The gaseous refrigerant condenses on the heat exchange surface of the condenser. To achieve a heat flow from the gaseous flow center to the wall of the condenser, the temperature of the liquid refrigerant must be lower than the condensation temperature.

Additional subcooling can be achieved by heat exchange between relatively warm liquid refrigerant leaving the condenser and the cooler refrigerant vapor emerging from the evaporator. The enthalpy difference required for the subcooling leads to the superheating of the vapor drawn into the compressor. When the increase in cooling achieved by subcooling is greater that the compressor drive input required to overcome the additional pressure losses, such a heat exchange improves the coefficient of performance.[67]

One disadvantage of the subcooling of liquids is that the difference between the condensing temperature and the heat-sink temperature must be larger. This leads to a moderately high pressure difference between condensing and evaporating pressure, whereby the compressor energy increases.

Refrigerant choice

[edit]

Pure refrigerants can be divided into organic substances (hydrocarbons (HCs), chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs), and HCFOs), and inorganic substances (ammonia (NH
3
), carbon dioxide (CO
2
), and water (H
2O
)[68]).[69] Their boiling points are usually below −25 °C.[70]

In the past 200 years, the standards and requirements for new refrigerants have changed. Nowadays low global warming potential (GWP) is required, in addition to all the previous requirements for safety, practicality, material compatibility, appropriate atmospheric life,[clarification needed] and compatibility with high-efficiency products. By 2022, devices using refrigerants with a very low GWP still have a small market share but are expected to play an increasing role due to enforced regulations,[71] as most countries have now ratified the Kigali Amendment to ban HFCs.[72] Isobutane (R600A) and propane (R290) are far less harmful to the environment than conventional hydrofluorocarbons (HFC) and are already being used in air-source heat pumps.[73] Propane may be the most suitable for high temperature heat pumps.[74] Ammonia (R717) and carbon dioxide (R-744) also have a low GWP. As of 2023 smaller CO
2
heat pumps are not widely available and research and development of them continues.[75] A 2024 report said that refrigerants with GWP are vulnerable to further international restrictions.[76]

Until the 1990s, heat pumps, along with fridges and other related products used chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) as refrigerants, which caused major damage to the ozone layer when released into the atmosphere. Use of these chemicals was banned or severely restricted by the Montreal Protocol of August 1987.[77]

Replacements, including R-134a and R-410A, are hydrofluorocarbons (HFC) with similar thermodynamic properties with insignificant ozone depletion potential (ODP) but had problematic GWP.[78] HFCs are powerful greenhouse gases which contribute to climate change.[79][80] Dimethyl ether (DME) also gained in popularity as a refrigerant in combination with R404a.[81] More recent refrigerants include difluoromethane (R32) with a lower GWP, but still over 600.

refrigerant 20-year GWP 100-year GWP
R-290 propane[82] 0.072 0.02
R-600a isobutane   3[83]
R-32[82] 491 136
R-410a[84] 4705 2285
R-134a[84] 4060 1470
R-404a[84] 7258 4808

Devices with R-290 refrigerant (propane) are expected to play a key role in the future.[74][85] The 100-year GWP of propane, at 0.02, is extremely low and is approximately 7000 times less than R-32. However, the flammability of propane requires additional safety measures: the maximum safe charges have been set significantly lower than for lower flammability refrigerants (only allowing approximately 13.5 times less refrigerant in the system than R-32).[86][87][88] This means that R-290 is not suitable for all situations or locations. Nonetheless, by 2022, an increasing number of devices with R-290 were offered for domestic use, especially in Europe.[citation needed]

At the same time,[when?] HFC refrigerants still dominate the market. Recent government mandates have seen the phase-out of R-22 refrigerant. Replacements such as R-32 and R-410A are being promoted as environmentally friendly but still have a high GWP.[89] A heat pump typically uses 3 kg of refrigerant. With R-32 this amount still has a 20-year impact equivalent to 7 tons of CO2, which corresponds to two years of natural gas heating in an average household. Refrigerants with a high ODP have already been phased out.[citation needed]

Government incentives

[edit]

Financial incentives aim to protect consumers from high fossil gas costs and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions,[90] and are currently available in more than 30 countries around the world, covering more than 70% of global heating demand in 2021.[4]

Australia

[edit]

Food processors, brewers, petfood producers and other industrial energy users are exploring whether it is feasible to use renewable energy to produce industrial-grade heat. Process heating accounts for the largest share of onsite energy use in Australian manufacturing, with lower-temperature operations like food production particularly well-suited to transition to renewables.

To help producers understand how they could benefit from making the switch, the Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA) provided funding to the Australian Alliance for Energy Productivity (A2EP) to undertake pre-feasibility studies at a range of sites around Australia, with the most promising locations advancing to full feasibility studies.[91]

In an effort to incentivize energy efficiency and reduce environmental impact, the Australian states of Victoria, New South Wales, and Queensland have implemented rebate programs targeting the upgrade of existing hot water systems. These programs specifically encourage the transition from traditional gas or electric systems to heat pump based systems.[92][93][94][95][96]

Canada

[edit]

In 2022, the Canada Greener Homes Grant[97] provides up to $5000 for upgrades (including certain heat pumps), and $600 for energy efficiency evaluations.

China

[edit]

Purchase subsidies in rural areas in the 2010s reduced burning coal for heating, which had been causing ill health.[98]

In the 2024 report by the International Energy Agency (IEA) titled "The Future of Heat Pumps in China," it is highlighted that China, as the world's largest market for heat pumps in buildings, plays a critical role in the global industry. The country accounts for over one-quarter of global sales, with a 12% increase in 2023 alone, despite a global sales dip of 3% the same year.[99]

Heat pumps are now used in approximately 8% of all heating equipment sales for buildings in China as of 2022, and they are increasingly becoming the norm in central and southern regions for both heating and cooling. Despite their higher upfront costs and relatively low awareness, heat pumps are favored for their energy efficiency, consuming three to five times less energy than electric heaters or fossil fuel-based solutions. Currently, decentralized heat pumps installed in Chinese buildings represent a quarter of the global installed capacity, with a total capacity exceeding 250 GW, which covers around 4% of the heating needs in buildings.[99]

Under the Announced Pledges Scenario (APS), which aligns with China's carbon neutrality goals, the capacity is expected to reach 1,400 GW by 2050, meeting 25% of heating needs. This scenario would require an installation of about 100 GW of heat pumps annually until 2050. Furthermore, the heat pump sector in China employs over 300,000 people, with employment numbers expected to double by 2050, underscoring the importance of vocational training for industry growth. This robust development in the heat pump market is set to play a significant role in reducing direct emissions in buildings by 30% and cutting PM2.5 emissions from residential heating by nearly 80% by 2030.[99][100]

European Union

[edit]

To speed up the deployment rate of heat pumps, the European Commission launched the Heat Pump Accelerator Platform in November 2024.[101] It will encourage industry experts, policymakers, and stakeholders to collaborate, share best practices and ideas, and jointly discuss measures that promote sustainable heating solutions.[102]

United Kingdom

[edit]

As of 2022: heat pumps have no Value Added Tax (VAT) although in Northern Ireland they are taxed at the reduced rate of 5% instead of the usual level of VAT of 20% for most other products.[103] As of 2022 the installation cost of a heat pump is more than a gas boiler, but with the "Boiler Upgrade Scheme"[104] government grant and assuming electricity/gas costs remain similar their lifetime costs would be similar on average.[105] However lifetime cost relative to a gas boiler varies considerably depending on several factors, such as the quality of the heat pump installation and the tariff used.[106] In 2024 England was criticised for still allowing new homes to be built with gas boilers, unlike some other counties where this is banned.[107]

United States

[edit]

The High-efficiency Electric Home Rebate Program was created in 2022 to award grants to State energy offices and Indian Tribes in order to establish state-wide high-efficiency electric-home rebates. Effective immediately, American households are eligible for a tax credit to cover the costs of buying and installing a heat pump, up to $2,000. Starting in 2023, low- and moderate-level income households will be eligible for a heat-pump rebate of up to $8,000.[108]

In 2022, more heat pumps were sold in the United States than natural gas furnaces.[109]

In November 2023 Biden's administration allocated 169 million dollars from the Inflation Reduction Act to speed up production of heat pumps. It used the Defense Production Act to do so, because according to the administration, energy that is better for the climate is also better for national security.[110]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ As explained in Coefficient of performance TheoreticalMaxCOP = (desiredIndoorTempC + 273) ÷ (desiredIndoorTempC - outsideTempC) = (7+273) ÷ (7 - (-3)) = 280÷10 = 28 [10]
  2. ^ As explained in Coefficient of performance TheoreticalMaxCOP = (desiredIndoorTempC + 273) ÷ (desiredIndoorTempC - outsideTempC) = (27+273) ÷ (27 - (-3)) = 300÷30 = 10[10]

References

[edit]
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Sources

[edit]

IPCC reports

[edit]
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[edit]
  • Media related to Heat pumps at Wikimedia Commons

 

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Driving Directions in Tulsa County


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Reviews for Durham Supply Inc


Durham Supply Inc

B Mann

(5)

I was in need of some items for a double wide that I am remodeling and this place is the only place in town that had what I needed ( I didn't even try the other rude place )while I was there I learned the other place that was in Tulsa that also sold mobile home supplies went out of business (no wonder the last time I was in there they were VERY RUDE and high priced) I like the way Dunham does business they answered all my questions and got me the supplies I needed, very friendly, I will be back to purchase the rest of my items when the time comes.

Durham Supply Inc

Ethel Schiller

(5)

This place is really neat, if they don't have it they can order it from another of their stores and have it there overnight in most cases. Even hard to find items for a trailer! I definitely recommend this place to everyone! O and the prices is awesome too!

Durham Supply Inc

Gerald Clifford Brewster

(5)

We will see, the storm door I bought says on the tag it's 36x80, but it's 34x80. If they return it.......they had no problems returning it. And it was no fault of there's, you measure a mobile home door different than a standard door!

Durham Supply Inc

Dennis Champion

(5)

Durham supply and Royal supply seems to find the most helpful and friendly people to work in their stores, we are based out of Kansas City out here for a few remodels and these guys treated us like we've gone there for years.

Durham Supply Inc

Ty Spears

(5)

Bought a door/storm door combo. Turns out it was the wrong size. They swapped it out, quick and easy no problems. Very helpful in explaining the size differences from standard door sizes.

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Frequently Asked Questions

An income-based mobile home HVAC loan is a financing option designed to help low-to-moderate-income individuals or families afford the installation or upgrade of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems in their mobile homes.
You can determine your qualification by comparing your household income against the specific lender’s or government programs eligibility criteria, which usually set a maximum income limit based on family size and geographic area.
Typically, you will need to provide proof of income such as pay stubs, tax returns, W-2 forms, bank statements, and possibly documentation of any other financial assistance you receive.
Yes, various federal and state programs like the Low-Income Home Energy Assistance Program (LIHEAP) and weatherization assistance programs may offer support or referrals for affordable HVAC financing options.
Many lenders do consider non-traditional incomes such as child support, Social Security benefits, or disability payments when assessing eligibility; however, it’s best to check with the specific program or lender.