Investigating No Payment Period Deals for Mobile Home Cooling

Investigating No Payment Period Deals for Mobile Home Cooling

Overview of HVAC needs specific to mobile homes

In the realm of home improvements, few topics attract as much attention and curiosity as no payment period deals, particularly when it comes to mobile home cooling solutions. As temperatures soar and climate patterns shift unpredictably, ensuring a comfortable living environment in mobile homes is increasingly critical. However, for many homeowners, financial constraints can hinder immediate access to necessary cooling technologies. Leaks in ductwork can lead to significant energy loss in mobile homes replacing hvac system in mobile home water purification. This is where no payment period deals come into play-offering a financially viable path to enhanced comfort without the immediate burden of payment.


At its core, a no payment period deal allows consumers to acquire goods or services now while deferring payments until a later date. This arrangement can be particularly appealing for mobile homeowners seeking to install air conditioning systems or other cooling mechanisms. By postponing financial responsibility, these deals provide breathing room for individuals to manage their budgets effectively while still addressing pressing needs.


The appeal of such offers lies not only in their financial flexibility but also in the opportunity they present for immediate improvement in living conditions. Mobile homes are often more susceptible to extreme temperatures due to their construction and insulation limitations. Therefore, investing in an efficient cooling system is not just a matter of comfort; it's essential for health and well-being during sweltering summer months.


However, while no payment period deals offer significant advantages, they require careful consideration and understanding before commitment. Consumers must scrutinize the terms and conditions thoroughly to ensure that deferred payments do not accumulate exorbitant interest rates or hidden fees that could outweigh the benefits initially perceived. It's imperative for potential buyers to engage with reputable providers who are transparent about all aspects of the deal.


Moreover, considering energy efficiency in choosing a cooling system is crucial. Opting for units with high energy ratings not only reduces long-term electricity costs but also contributes positively towards environmental sustainability-a growing concern among conscientious consumers.


Another factor worth investigating is the duration of the no payment period itself. Longer periods may seem attractive at first glance; however, they might come with stricter post-period repayment terms or higher overall costs once payments commence. Balancing immediate relief with long-term financial health requires thoughtful planning and potentially consulting financial advisors who can offer guidance tailored to individual circumstances.


In conclusion, exploring no payment period deals for mobile home cooling involves weighing both immediate needs against future obligations carefully. While these arrangements provide an accessible route towards improving living conditions without upfront cost pressures, understanding their intricacies ensures that homeowners make informed decisions aligned with both short-term comfort goals and long-term financial wellbeing. As always, education remains key: knowing what questions to ask and which details demand attention can make all the difference between seizing an opportunity wisely or facing unforeseen challenges down the road.

In today's rapidly evolving consumer market, the allure of no payment period deals has become increasingly prominent, particularly in sectors like mobile home cooling. As temperatures rise and climate patterns shift, maintaining a comfortable living environment is more crucial than ever for mobile homeowners. These no payment period deals offer an enticing solution that provides immediate relief without the burden of upfront financial commitment. Understanding the benefits of these offers can empower consumers to make informed decisions about their home cooling needs.


Firstly, one of the most significant advantages of no payment period deals for mobile home cooling systems is the financial flexibility they provide. For many individuals and families living in mobile homes, budgeting is essential due to limited or fixed incomes. These deals allow homeowners to install necessary cooling systems immediately without having to dip into savings or disrupt monthly expenses. This deferred payment structure can be incredibly advantageous during peak summer months when utility bills tend to soar due to increased energy consumption.


Moreover, these deals often include promotional incentives such as reduced interest rates or even zero-interest periods if payments are completed within a specific timeframe. Such incentives not only make these offers financially appealing but also encourage responsible financial planning among consumers. By taking advantage of these promotions, homeowners can effectively manage their finances while still enjoying the comfort of a cool living space.


Another important benefit lies in the immediate access to modern technology and energy-efficient systems that these deals often facilitate. Many no payment period agreements are offered by reputable companies eager to showcase their latest products, which means consumers have early access to cutting-edge technology that might otherwise be unaffordable. Modern cooling systems are designed with energy efficiency in mind, leading to long-term savings on electricity bills and contributing positively to environmental sustainability - a win-win scenario for both individuals and society at large.


The psychological comfort provided by these arrangements should not be underestimated either. Knowing that there is no immediate financial obligation upon installation allows homeowners to prioritize other urgent expenses or investments without sacrificing their comfort at home. This peace of mind can lead to improved mental well-being as it alleviates stress associated with financial strain and unanticipated expenditures.


However, while appreciating the numerous benefits inherent in no payment period deals for mobile home cooling solutions, it is also crucial for consumers to exercise caution and diligence when considering such offers. Understanding all terms and conditions thoroughly ensures there are no surprises down the line once the payment-free phase concludes.


In conclusion, no payment period deals present an attractive option for mobile homeowners seeking efficient and cost-effective cooling solutions amidst changing climatic conditions. They offer beneficial financial flexibility, access to advanced technology, potential future savings on energy costs, and invaluable peace of mind - all critical factors contributing positively towards enhancing quality of life within mobile homes across diverse communities.

How to Choose the Right Payment Plan for Your Mobile Home Furnace

How to Choose the Right Payment Plan for Your Mobile Home Furnace

Making an informed decision when choosing the right payment plan for your mobile home furnace is essential to ensure both financial stability and comfort in your living space.. The process can be daunting, given the myriad of options available, but with a methodical approach, you can select a plan that aligns with your financial situation and lifestyle needs. First and foremost, it's crucial to assess your current financial status.

Posted by on 2024-12-30

Breaking Down Interest-Free HVAC Financing for Mobile Homes

Breaking Down Interest-Free HVAC Financing for Mobile Homes

Navigating the world of HVAC financing for mobile homes can be daunting, especially when terms like "interest-free" come into play.. While these offers may initially seem like a financial oasis, they often conceal complex structures and potential hidden costs that can disrupt your budget if not managed carefully.

Posted by on 2024-12-30

Best Practices for Financing Energy-Efficient HVAC Systems in Mobile Homes

Best Practices for Financing Energy-Efficient HVAC Systems in Mobile Homes

In recent years, the push towards sustainability has gained significant momentum, with energy-efficient HVAC systems emerging as a critical component in reducing energy consumption and emissions.. Mobile homes, often overlooked in conversations about sustainable living, present unique challenges and opportunities in implementing these systems.

Posted by on 2024-12-30

The Role of Equipment Compatibility in Mobile Home HVAC Financing Options

The Role of Equipment Compatibility in Mobile Home HVAC Financing Options

In the realm of mobile home living, efficient heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems are not just a luxury but a necessity.. The unique structure and design of mobile homes require specialized HVAC solutions that ensure comfort without compromising on energy efficiency.

Posted by on 2024-12-30

Understanding Financing Options for Mobile Home HVAC

When considering the purchase of a mobile home cooling system, the appeal of no payment period offers can be quite enticing. These deals promise an initial reprieve from financial obligations, allowing homeowners to enjoy immediate comfort without immediate fiscal strain. However, it is crucial to delve into the common terms and conditions associated with these offers to fully understand their implications.


No payment period offers are essentially financing agreements where the buyer receives a deferral on payments for a set period. This can be particularly attractive during hot summer months when the need for effective cooling becomes urgent. The primary advantage is obvious: consumers can install and benefit from a cooling system immediately while delaying initial outlays of cash. Yet, this brief financial respite often comes with strings attached.


One of the most critical factors to examine in these offers is the duration of the no payment period itself. While some deals may extend for several months, others might only provide a few weeks of relief. It's important for buyers to align this timeline with their financial planning and budgetary constraints.


Additionally, interest rates play a pivotal role in these agreements. Often, if payments are not made within the stipulated no payment window, accrued interest may apply retroactively from the date of purchase-not just from when regular payments commence. This means that what initially seemed like an affordable option could quickly escalate into substantial debt if not managed carefully.


Another consideration is any potential fees or penalties associated with early repayment or late commencement of payments after the deferment period ends. Consumers should meticulously scrutinize these clauses as they can significantly affect overall costs and affordability in unforeseen ways.


Moreover, understanding any promotional terms related to service charges or additional costs during installation is vital. A no payment offer might cover only part of overall expenses, leaving consumers responsible for other significant charges upfront.


It's also prudent to investigate any requirements tied to credit scores or financial standing that could affect eligibility for such offers. Some providers might demand excellent credit history as a prerequisite, which could exclude some individuals from benefiting altogether.


In summary, while no payment period offers for mobile home cooling systems present an appealing short-term solution by alleviating immediate financial pressures, they require careful examination of underlying terms and conditions. Prospective buyers need to thoroughly assess these agreements beyond their face value-considering interest rates, timelines, additional fees, and personal financial capabilities-to ensure that this temporary relief does not translate into long-term fiscal burden. Like with all financing options, informed decision-making is key to leveraging benefits while mitigating risks inherent in such arrangements.

Understanding Financing Options for Mobile Home HVAC

Explanation of common financing packages available

Title: Potential Risks and Considerations for Mobile Home Owners: Investigating No Payment Period Deals for Mobile Home Cooling


As temperatures soar during the summer months, mobile home owners are increasingly seeking efficient cooling solutions to maintain a comfortable living environment. One enticing option that has gained popularity is the "no payment period" deal offered by various HVAC companies. While these offers can provide immediate relief from oppressive heat without an upfront financial burden, they also come with potential risks and considerations that mobile home owners should carefully evaluate.


At first glance, no payment period deals seem like a dream come true. They allow homeowners to install much-needed air conditioning systems without having to worry about immediate payments. This can be particularly appealing for those on tight budgets or facing unexpected heat waves. However, it's important to understand the long-term implications of such arrangements.


One major risk associated with no payment period deals is the potential for accumulating debt. Although there are no initial payments required, these deals often involve deferred interest charges that accrue over time. If homeowners are unable to pay off the balance before the end of the no payment period, they may find themselves facing substantial interest costs that could significantly inflate the total expense of their cooling system.


In addition to financial risks, homeowners should consider the quality and reliability of the equipment being offered under these deals. Companies might be inclined to push less reliable or outdated models as part of their promotional offers. This could lead to frequent breakdowns or inefficient cooling, ultimately increasing maintenance costs and energy consumption in the long run.


Furthermore, it's crucial for mobile home owners to scrutinize the terms and conditions attached to these deals. Some contracts may include hidden fees or penalties for early repayment or cancellation. It's advisable to read all documentation thoroughly and seek clarification on any ambiguous clauses before committing to an agreement.


Another consideration is whether installing a new cooling system aligns with broader energy efficiency goals and environmental impacts. Mobile homes often face unique challenges in terms of insulation and overall energy conservation. Homeowners should assess whether alternative solutions such as improving insulation or investing in energy-efficient appliances might offer better long-term value than entering into a potentially costly financing agreement.


Lastly, while these deals can provide short-term relief from extreme temperatures, they may not address underlying issues related to ventilation and airflow within mobile homes. It's essential for homeowners to take a holistic approach by evaluating how well their home is equipped to handle temperature fluctuations throughout different seasons beyond just relying on artificial cooling systems.


In conclusion, while no payment period deals for mobile home cooling systems present an attractive solution at first glance, they come with significant risks that require careful consideration by prospective buyers. By weighing factors such as potential debt accumulation, equipment reliability concerns, contractual obligations, energy efficiency opportunities-and taking steps towards comprehensive climate control strategies-homeowners will be better positioned when making informed decisions about keeping cool during those sweltering summer days without inadvertently heating up their financial burdens further down line!

Key factors to consider when choosing a financing option

In recent years, the allure of no payment period deals has captivated many consumers, particularly in niche markets such as mobile home cooling systems. These offers promise financial relief by allowing customers to enjoy their new purchases without immediate financial burden. However, evaluating these deals requires a discerning eye to ensure they deliver genuine value and not just deferred expenses.


Firstly, it is essential to scrutinize the duration of the no payment period. While some deals boast extended periods, it's crucial to determine if this aligns with your financial planning strategy. A longer deferral might seem beneficial initially but could lead to inflated costs later on if interest accrues during this period.


Next, understanding the terms and conditions is vital. Many no payment deals come with strings attached; for example, hidden fees or escalated interest rates that kick in once the initial period ends. It's important for consumers to read the fine print meticulously and seek clarification on any ambiguous terms from sales representatives or customer service agents.


Another factor to consider is the provider's reputation. Researching company reviews and ratings can provide insights into their reliability and customer satisfaction levels. Reputable companies are more likely to offer transparent deals without concealed pitfalls.


Moreover, it's wise to assess the total cost of ownership over time rather than focusing solely on short-term benefits. This includes calculating potential energy savings from improved cooling efficiency against any long-term repayment obligations that may arise post-deferment.


Finally, comparing multiple offers can help ensure you receive the best deal available. Different providers may have varying terms for similar products, so taking time to shop around could yield significant savings.


In conclusion, while no payment period deals for mobile home cooling systems present an attractive proposition at first glance, careful evaluation is imperative. By considering factors such as deal duration, terms and conditions, provider reputation, total cost of ownership, and comparative shopping, consumers can make informed decisions that align with both their immediate needs and long-term financial health.

Personal Loans for HVAC Systems

Case Studies: Success Stories and Lessons Learned in Investigating No Payment Period Deals for Mobile Home Cooling


In recent years, the issue of providing effective and affordable cooling solutions for mobile homes has garnered significant attention. The unique structure and insulation challenges posed by mobile homes necessitate innovative approaches to ensure comfort without financial strain. A promising trend that has emerged is the concept of "no payment period" deals, where residents can benefit from cooling systems immediately while deferring payments. Through a series of case studies, we can explore both the success stories and lessons learned from these initiatives.


One notable success story comes from a community in Arizona, where scorching summers make air conditioning essential rather than optional. A local energy company introduced a program that allowed mobile home residents to install high-efficiency air conditioning units with no upfront costs. Payments were deferred for six months, giving families immediate relief during peak heat periods. This initiative not only improved living conditions but also increased community trust in sustainable energy solutions. The key takeaway here was the importance of aligning payment schedules with resident needs, allowing them time to budget effectively.


Another successful case was observed in Florida, where a non-profit organization partnered with manufacturers to provide solar-powered cooling systems under a no-payment period scheme. Residents reported significant reductions in utility bills due to the dual advantage of efficient equipment and harnessing solar energy. This project highlighted how combining innovative technology with flexible financing could lead to long-term affordability and environmental benefits.


However, not all attempts have been without hurdles. In some regions, programs failed due to inadequate assessment of residents' ability to pay once the grace period ended. For example, a Midwest initiative saw default rates climb when payments resumed after an initial three-month suspension. This underscored the lesson that while deferral strategies are appealing, they must be accompanied by comprehensive financial education and support mechanisms to ensure sustainability.


Moreover, technical compatibility issues sometimes arose when older mobile homes lacked the infrastructure required for new systems. Retrofitting costs unexpectedly burdened some participants after their no-payment period ended, revealing the necessity for thorough pre-installation evaluations and transparent communication about potential additional expenses.


These case studies collectively underscore that while no payment period deals hold immense promise for enhancing mobile home cooling solutions, execution requires careful consideration of socio-economic factors and robust planning frameworks. Success hinges on customizing approaches to regional climates and consumer profiles while fostering collaborations between stakeholders such as utilities, manufacturers, governments, and non-profits.


In conclusion, investigating no payment period deals reveals both triumphs and trials in making mobile home cooling accessible and affordable. By learning from these experiences-prioritizing resident empowerment through education and ensuring technological fit-we can refine strategies that not only provide immediate relief but also pave pathways toward sustainable living environments across diverse communities.

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Refrigerant based Fan-Coil Unit. Other variants utilize a chilled, or heated water loop for space cooling, or heating, respectively.
 
 

A fan coil unit (FCU), also known as a Vertical Fan Coil Unit (VFCU), is a device consisting of a heat exchanger (coil) and a fan. FCUs are commonly used in HVAC systems of residential, commercial, and industrial buildings that use ducted split air conditioning or central plant cooling. FCUs are typically connected to ductwork and a thermostat to regulate the temperature of one or more spaces and to assist the main air handling unit for each space if used with chillers. The thermostat controls the fan speed and/or the flow of water or refrigerant to the heat exchanger using a control valve.

Due to their simplicity, flexibility, and easy maintenance, fan coil units can be more economical to install than ducted 100% fresh air systems (VAV) or central heating systems with air handling units or chilled beams. FCUs come in various configurations, including horizontal (ceiling-mounted) and vertical (floor-mounted), and can be used in a wide range of applications, from small residential units to large commercial and industrial buildings.

Noise output from FCUs, like any other form of air conditioning, depends on the design of the unit and the building materials surrounding it. Some FCUs offer noise levels as low as NR25 or NC25.

The output from an FCU can be established by looking at the temperature of the air entering the unit and the temperature of the air leaving the unit, coupled with the volume of air being moved through the unit. This is a simplistic statement, and there is further reading on sensible heat ratios and the specific heat capacity of air, both of which have an effect on thermal performance.

Design and operation

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Fan Coil Unit covers a range of products and will mean different things to users, specifiers, and installers in different countries and regions, particularly in relation to product size and output capability.

Fan Coil Unit falls principally into two main types: blow through and draw through. As the names suggest, in the first type the fans are fitted behind the heat exchanger, and in the other type the fans are fitted in front the coil such that they draw air through it. Draw through units are considered thermally superior, as ordinarily they make better use of the heat exchanger. However they are more expensive, as they require a chassis to hold the fans whereas a blow-through unit typically consists of a set of fans bolted straight to a coil.

A fan coil unit may be concealed or exposed within the room or area that it serves.

An exposed fan coil unit may be wall-mounted, freestanding or ceiling mounted, and will typically include an appropriate enclosure to protect and conceal the fan coil unit itself, with return air grille and supply air diffuser set into that enclosure to distribute the air.

A concealed fan coil unit will typically be installed within an accessible ceiling void or services zone. The return air grille and supply air diffuser, typically set flush into the ceiling, will be ducted to and from the fan coil unit and thus allows a great degree of flexibility for locating the grilles to suit the ceiling layout and/or the partition layout within a space. It is quite common for the return air not to be ducted and to use the ceiling void as a return air plenum.

The coil receives hot or cold water from a central plant, and removes heat from or adds heat to the air through heat transfer. Traditionally fan coil units can contain their own internal thermostat, or can be wired to operate with a remote thermostat. However, and as is common in most modern buildings with a Building Energy Management System (BEMS), the control of the fan coil unit will be by a local digital controller or outstation (along with associated room temperature sensor and control valve actuators) linked to the BEMS via a communication network, and therefore adjustable and controllable from a central point, such as a supervisors head end computer.

Fan coil units circulate hot or cold water through a coil in order to condition a space. The unit gets its hot or cold water from a central plant, or mechanical room containing equipment for removing heat from the central building's closed-loop. The equipment used can consist of machines used to remove heat such as a chiller or a cooling tower and equipment for adding heat to the building's water such as a boiler or a commercial water heater.

Hydronic fan coil units can be generally divided into two types: Two-pipe fan coil units or four-pipe fan coil units. Two-pipe fan coil units have one supply and one return pipe. The supply pipe supplies either cold or hot water to the unit depending on the time of year. Four-pipe fan coil units have two supply pipes and two return pipes. This allows either hot or cold water to enter the unit at any given time. Since it is often necessary to heat and cool different areas of a building at the same time, due to differences in internal heat loss or heat gains, the four-pipe fan coil unit is most commonly used.

Fan coil units may be connected to piping networks using various topology designs, such as "direct return", "reverse return", or "series decoupled". See ASHRAE Handbook "2008 Systems & Equipment", Chapter 12.

Depending upon the selected chilled water temperatures and the relative humidity of the space, it's likely that the cooling coil will dehumidify the entering air stream, and as a by product of this process, it will at times produce a condensate which will need to be carried to drain. The fan coil unit will contain a purpose designed drip tray with drain connection for this purpose. The simplest means to drain the condensate from multiple fan coil units will be by a network of pipework laid to falls to a suitable point. Alternatively a condensate pump may be employed where space for such gravity pipework is limited.

The fan motors within a fan coil unit are responsible for regulating the desired heating and cooling output of the unit. Different manufacturers employ various methods for controlling the motor speed. Some utilize an AC transformer, adjusting the taps to modulate the power supplied to the fan motor. This adjustment is typically performed during the commissioning stage of building construction and remains fixed for the lifespan of the unit.

Alternatively, certain manufacturers employ custom-wound Permanent Split Capacitor (PSC) motors with speed taps in the windings. These taps are set to the desired speed levels for the specific design of the fan coil unit. To enable local control, a simple speed selector switch (Off-High-Medium-Low) is provided for the occupants of the room. This switch is often integrated into the room thermostat and can be manually set or automatically controlled by a digital room thermostat.

For automatic fan speed and temperature control, Building Energy Management Systems are employed. The fan motors commonly used in these units are typically AC Shaded Pole or Permanent Split Capacitor motors. Recent advancements include the use of brushless DC designs with electronic commutation. Compared to units equipped with asynchronous 3-speed motors, fan coil units utilizing brushless motors can reduce power consumption by up to 70%.[1]

Fan coil units linked to ducted split air conditioning units use refrigerant in the cooling coil instead of chilled coolant and linked to a large condenser unit instead of a chiller. They might also be linked to liquid-cooled condenser units which use an intermediate coolant to cool the condenser using cooling towers.

DC/EC motor powered units

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These motors are sometimes called DC motors, sometimes EC motors and occasionally DC/EC motors. DC stands for direct current and EC stands for electronically commutated.

DC motors allow the speed of the fans within a fan coil unit to be controlled by means of a 0-10 Volt input control signal to the motor/s, the transformers and speed switches associated with AC fan coils are not required. Up to a signal voltage of 2.5 Volts (which may vary with different fan/motor manufacturers) the fan will be in a stopped condition but as the signal voltage is increased, the fan will seamlessly increase in speed until the maximum is reached at a signal Voltage of 10 Volts. fan coils will generally operate between approximately 4 Volts and 7.5 Volts because below 4 Volts the air volumes are ineffective and above 7.5 Volts the fan coil is likely to be too noisy for most commercial applications.

The 0-10 Volt signal voltage can be set via a simple potentiometer and left or the 0-10 Volt signal voltage can be delivered to the fan motors by the terminal controller on each of the Fan Coil Units. The former is very simple and cheap but the latter opens up the opportunity to continuously alter the fan speed depending on various external conditions/influences. These conditions/criteria could be the 'real time' demand for either heating or cooling, occupancy levels, window switches, time clocks or any number of other inputs from either the unit itself, the Building Management System or both.

The reason that these DC Fan Coil Units are, despite their apparent relative complexity, becoming more popular is their improved energy efficiency levels compared to their AC motor-driven counterparts of only a few years ago. A straight swap, AC to DC, will reduce electrical consumption by 50% but applying Demand and Occupancy dependent fan speed control can take the savings to as much as 80%. In areas of the world where there are legally enforceable energy efficiency requirements for fan coils (such as the UK), DC Fan Coil Units are rapidly becoming the only choice.

Areas of use

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In high-rise buildings, fan coils may be vertically stacked, located one above the other from floor to floor and all interconnected by the same piping loop.

Fan coil units are an excellent delivery mechanism for hydronic chiller boiler systems in large residential and light commercial applications. In these applications the fan coil units are mounted in bathroom ceilings and can be used to provide unlimited comfort zones - with the ability to turn off unused areas of the structure to save energy.

Installation

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In high-rise residential construction, typically each fan coil unit requires a rectangular through-penetration in the concrete slab on top of which it sits. Usually, there are either 2 or 4 pipes made of ABS, steel or copper that go through the floor. The pipes are usually insulated with refrigeration insulation, such as acrylonitrile butadiene/polyvinyl chloride (AB/PVC) flexible foam (Rubatex or Armaflex brands) on all pipes, or at least on the chilled water lines to prevent condensate from forming.

Unit ventilator

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A unit ventilator is a fan coil unit that is used mainly in classrooms, hotels, apartments and condominium applications. A unit ventilator can be a wall mounted or ceiling hung cabinet, and is designed to use a fan to blow outside air across a coil, thus conditioning and ventilating the space which it is serving.

European market

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The Fan Coil is composed of one quarter of 2-pipe-units and three quarters of 4-pipe-units, and the most sold products are "with casing" (35%), "without casing" (28%), "cassette" (18%) and "ducted" (16%).[2]

The market by region was split in 2010 as follows:

Region Sales Volume in units[2] Share
Benelux 33 725 2.6%
France 168 028 13.2%
Germany 63 256 5.0%
Greece 33 292 2.6%
Italy 409 830 32.1%
Poland 32 987 2.6%
Portugal 22 957 1.8%
Russia, Ukraine and CIS countries 87 054 6.8%
Scandinavia and Baltic countries 39 124 3.1%
Spain 91 575 7.2%
Turkey 70 682 5.5%
UK and Ireland 69 169 5.4%
Eastern Europe 153 847 12.1%

See also

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  • Thermal insulation
  • HVAC
  • Construction
  • Intumescent
  • Firestop

References

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  1. ^ "Fan Coil Unit". Heinen & Hopman. Retrieved 2023-08-30.
  2. ^ a b "Home". Eurovent Market Intelligence.

 

Rooftop HVAC unit with view of fresh-air intake vent
Ventilation duct with outlet diffuser vent. These are installed throughout a building to move air in or out of rooms. In the middle is a damper to open and close the vent to allow more or less air to enter the space.
The control circuit in a household HVAC installation. The wires connecting to the blue terminal block on the upper-right of the board lead to the thermostat. The fan enclosure is directly behind the board, and the filters can be seen at the top. The safety interlock switch is at the bottom left. In the lower middle is the capacitor.

Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) is the use of various technologies to control the temperature, humidity, and purity of the air in an enclosed space. Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality. HVAC system design is a subdiscipline of mechanical engineering, based on the principles of thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, and heat transfer. "Refrigeration" is sometimes added to the field's abbreviation as HVAC&R or HVACR, or "ventilation" is dropped, as in HACR (as in the designation of HACR-rated circuit breakers).

HVAC is an important part of residential structures such as single family homes, apartment buildings, hotels, and senior living facilities; medium to large industrial and office buildings such as skyscrapers and hospitals; vehicles such as cars, trains, airplanes, ships and submarines; and in marine environments, where safe and healthy building conditions are regulated with respect to temperature and humidity, using fresh air from outdoors.

Ventilating or ventilation (the "V" in HVAC) is the process of exchanging or replacing air in any space to provide high indoor air quality which involves temperature control, oxygen replenishment, and removal of moisture, odors, smoke, heat, dust, airborne bacteria, carbon dioxide, and other gases. Ventilation removes unpleasant smells and excessive moisture, introduces outside air, keeps interior building air circulating, and prevents stagnation of the interior air. Methods for ventilating a building are divided into mechanical/forced and natural types.[1]

Overview

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The three major functions of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning are interrelated, especially with the need to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality within reasonable installation, operation, and maintenance costs. HVAC systems can be used in both domestic and commercial environments. HVAC systems can provide ventilation, and maintain pressure relationships between spaces. The means of air delivery and removal from spaces is known as room air distribution.[2]

Individual systems

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In modern buildings, the design, installation, and control systems of these functions are integrated into one or more HVAC systems. For very small buildings, contractors normally estimate the capacity and type of system needed and then design the system, selecting the appropriate refrigerant and various components needed. For larger buildings, building service designers, mechanical engineers, or building services engineers analyze, design, and specify the HVAC systems. Specialty mechanical contractors and suppliers then fabricate, install and commission the systems. Building permits and code-compliance inspections of the installations are normally required for all sizes of buildings

District networks

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Although HVAC is executed in individual buildings or other enclosed spaces (like NORAD's underground headquarters), the equipment involved is in some cases an extension of a larger district heating (DH) or district cooling (DC) network, or a combined DHC network. In such cases, the operating and maintenance aspects are simplified and metering becomes necessary to bill for the energy that is consumed, and in some cases energy that is returned to the larger system. For example, at a given time one building may be utilizing chilled water for air conditioning and the warm water it returns may be used in another building for heating, or for the overall heating-portion of the DHC network (likely with energy added to boost the temperature).[3][4][5]

Basing HVAC on a larger network helps provide an economy of scale that is often not possible for individual buildings, for utilizing renewable energy sources such as solar heat,[6][7][8] winter's cold,[9][10] the cooling potential in some places of lakes or seawater for free cooling, and the enabling function of seasonal thermal energy storage. By utilizing natural sources that can be used for HVAC systems it can make a huge difference for the environment and help expand the knowledge of using different methods.

History

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HVAC is based on inventions and discoveries made by Nikolay Lvov, Michael Faraday, Rolla C. Carpenter, Willis Carrier, Edwin Ruud, Reuben Trane, James Joule, William Rankine, Sadi Carnot, Alice Parker and many others.[11]

Multiple inventions within this time frame preceded the beginnings of the first comfort air conditioning system, which was designed in 1902 by Alfred Wolff (Cooper, 2003) for the New York Stock Exchange, while Willis Carrier equipped the Sacketts-Wilhems Printing Company with the process AC unit the same year. Coyne College was the first school to offer HVAC training in 1899.[12] The first residential AC was installed by 1914, and by the 1950s there was "widespread adoption of residential AC".[13]

The invention of the components of HVAC systems went hand-in-hand with the Industrial Revolution, and new methods of modernization, higher efficiency, and system control are constantly being introduced by companies and inventors worldwide.

Heating

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Heaters are appliances whose purpose is to generate heat (i.e. warmth) for the building. This can be done via central heating. Such a system contains a boiler, furnace, or heat pump to heat water, steam, or air in a central location such as a furnace room in a home, or a mechanical room in a large building. The heat can be transferred by convection, conduction, or radiation. Space heaters are used to heat single rooms and only consist of a single unit.

Generation

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Central heating unit

Heaters exist for various types of fuel, including solid fuels, liquids, and gases. Another type of heat source is electricity, normally heating ribbons composed of high resistance wire (see Nichrome). This principle is also used for baseboard heaters and portable heaters. Electrical heaters are often used as backup or supplemental heat for heat pump systems.

The heat pump gained popularity in the 1950s in Japan and the United States.[14] Heat pumps can extract heat from various sources, such as environmental air, exhaust air from a building, or from the ground. Heat pumps transfer heat from outside the structure into the air inside. Initially, heat pump HVAC systems were only used in moderate climates, but with improvements in low temperature operation and reduced loads due to more efficient homes, they are increasing in popularity in cooler climates. They can also operate in reverse to cool an interior.

Distribution

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Water/steam

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In the case of heated water or steam, piping is used to transport the heat to the rooms. Most modern hot water boiler heating systems have a circulator, which is a pump, to move hot water through the distribution system (as opposed to older gravity-fed systems). The heat can be transferred to the surrounding air using radiators, hot water coils (hydro-air), or other heat exchangers. The radiators may be mounted on walls or installed within the floor to produce floor heat.

The use of water as the heat transfer medium is known as hydronics. The heated water can also supply an auxiliary heat exchanger to supply hot water for bathing and washing.

Air

[edit]

Warm air systems distribute the heated air through ductwork systems of supply and return air through metal or fiberglass ducts. Many systems use the same ducts to distribute air cooled by an evaporator coil for air conditioning. The air supply is normally filtered through air filters[dubious – discuss] to remove dust and pollen particles.[15]

Dangers

[edit]

The use of furnaces, space heaters, and boilers as a method of indoor heating could result in incomplete combustion and the emission of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, formaldehyde, volatile organic compounds, and other combustion byproducts. Incomplete combustion occurs when there is insufficient oxygen; the inputs are fuels containing various contaminants and the outputs are harmful byproducts, most dangerously carbon monoxide, which is a tasteless and odorless gas with serious adverse health effects.[16]

Without proper ventilation, carbon monoxide can be lethal at concentrations of 1000 ppm (0.1%). However, at several hundred ppm, carbon monoxide exposure induces headaches, fatigue, nausea, and vomiting. Carbon monoxide binds with hemoglobin in the blood, forming carboxyhemoglobin, reducing the blood's ability to transport oxygen. The primary health concerns associated with carbon monoxide exposure are its cardiovascular and neurobehavioral effects. Carbon monoxide can cause atherosclerosis (the hardening of arteries) and can also trigger heart attacks. Neurologically, carbon monoxide exposure reduces hand to eye coordination, vigilance, and continuous performance. It can also affect time discrimination.[17]

Ventilation

[edit]

Ventilation is the process of changing or replacing air in any space to control the temperature or remove any combination of moisture, odors, smoke, heat, dust, airborne bacteria, or carbon dioxide, and to replenish oxygen. It plays a critical role in maintaining a healthy indoor environment by preventing the buildup of harmful pollutants and ensuring the circulation of fresh air. Different methods, such as natural ventilation through windows and mechanical ventilation systems, can be used depending on the building design and air quality needs. Ventilation often refers to the intentional delivery of the outside air to the building indoor space. It is one of the most important factors for maintaining acceptable indoor air quality in buildings.

Although ventilation is an integral component of maintaining good indoor air quality, it may not be satisfactory alone.[18] A clear understanding of both indoor and outdoor air quality parameters is needed to improve the performance of ventilation in terms of ...[19] In scenarios where outdoor pollution would deteriorate indoor air quality, other treatment devices such as filtration may also be necessary.[20]

Methods for ventilating a building may be divided into mechanical/forced and natural types.[21]

Mechanical or forced

[edit]
HVAC ventilation exhaust for a 12-story building
An axial belt-drive exhaust fan serving an underground car park. This exhaust fan's operation is interlocked with the concentration of contaminants emitted by internal combustion engines.

Mechanical, or forced, ventilation is provided by an air handler (AHU) and used to control indoor air quality. Excess humidity, odors, and contaminants can often be controlled via dilution or replacement with outside air. However, in humid climates more energy is required to remove excess moisture from ventilation air.

Kitchens and bathrooms typically have mechanical exhausts to control odors and sometimes humidity. Factors in the design of such systems include the flow rate (which is a function of the fan speed and exhaust vent size) and noise level. Direct drive fans are available for many applications and can reduce maintenance needs.

In summer, ceiling fans and table/floor fans circulate air within a room for the purpose of reducing the perceived temperature by increasing evaporation of perspiration on the skin of the occupants. Because hot air rises, ceiling fans may be used to keep a room warmer in the winter by circulating the warm stratified air from the ceiling to the floor.

Passive

[edit]
Ventilation on the downdraught system, by impulsion, or the 'plenum' principle, applied to schoolrooms (1899)

Natural ventilation is the ventilation of a building with outside air without using fans or other mechanical systems. It can be via operable windows, louvers, or trickle vents when spaces are small and the architecture permits. ASHRAE defined Natural ventilation as the flow of air through open windows, doors, grilles, and other planned building envelope penetrations, and as being driven by natural and/or artificially produced pressure differentials.[1]

Natural ventilation strategies also include cross ventilation, which relies on wind pressure differences on opposite sides of a building. By strategically placing openings, such as windows or vents, on opposing walls, air is channeled through the space to enhance cooling and ventilation. Cross ventilation is most effective when there are clear, unobstructed paths for airflow within the building.

In more complex schemes, warm air is allowed to rise and flow out high building openings to the outside (stack effect), causing cool outside air to be drawn into low building openings. Natural ventilation schemes can use very little energy, but care must be taken to ensure comfort. In warm or humid climates, maintaining thermal comfort solely via natural ventilation might not be possible. Air conditioning systems are used, either as backups or supplements. Air-side economizers also use outside air to condition spaces, but do so using fans, ducts, dampers, and control systems to introduce and distribute cool outdoor air when appropriate.

An important component of natural ventilation is air change rate or air changes per hour: the hourly rate of ventilation divided by the volume of the space. For example, six air changes per hour means an amount of new air, equal to the volume of the space, is added every ten minutes. For human comfort, a minimum of four air changes per hour is typical, though warehouses might have only two. Too high of an air change rate may be uncomfortable, akin to a wind tunnel which has thousands of changes per hour. The highest air change rates are for crowded spaces, bars, night clubs, commercial kitchens at around 30 to 50 air changes per hour.[22]

Room pressure can be either positive or negative with respect to outside the room. Positive pressure occurs when there is more air being supplied than exhausted, and is common to reduce the infiltration of outside contaminants.[23]

Airborne diseases

[edit]

Natural ventilation [24] is a key factor in reducing the spread of airborne illnesses such as tuberculosis, the common cold, influenza, meningitis or COVID-19. Opening doors and windows are good ways to maximize natural ventilation, which would make the risk of airborne contagion much lower than with costly and maintenance-requiring mechanical systems. Old-fashioned clinical areas with high ceilings and large windows provide the greatest protection. Natural ventilation costs little and is maintenance free, and is particularly suited to limited-resource settings and tropical climates, where the burden of TB and institutional TB transmission is highest. In settings where respiratory isolation is difficult and climate permits, windows and doors should be opened to reduce the risk of airborne contagion. Natural ventilation requires little maintenance and is inexpensive.[25]

Natural ventilation is not practical in much of the infrastructure because of climate. This means that the facilities need to have effective mechanical ventilation systems and or use Ceiling Level UV or FAR UV ventilation systems.

Alpha Black Edition - Sirair Air conditioner with UVC (Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation)

Ventilation is measured in terms of Air Changes Per Hour (ACH). As of 2023, the CDC recommends that all spaces have a minimum of 5 ACH.[26] For hospital rooms with airborne contagions the CDC recommends a minimum of 12 ACH.[27] The challenges in facility ventilation are public unawareness,[28][29] ineffective government oversight, poor building codes that are based on comfort levels, poor system operations, poor maintenance, and lack of transparency.[30]

UVC or Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation is a function used in modern air conditioners which reduces airborne viruses, bacteria, and fungi, through the use of a built-in LED UV light that emits a gentle glow across the evaporator. As the cross-flow fan circulates the room air, any viruses are guided through the sterilization module’s irradiation range, rendering them instantly inactive.[31]

Air conditioning

[edit]

An air conditioning system, or a standalone air conditioner, provides cooling and/or humidity control for all or part of a building. Air conditioned buildings often have sealed windows, because open windows would work against the system intended to maintain constant indoor air conditions. Outside, fresh air is generally drawn into the system by a vent into a mix air chamber for mixing with the space return air. Then the mixture air enters an indoor or outdoor heat exchanger section where the air is to be cooled down, then be guided to the space creating positive air pressure. The percentage of return air made up of fresh air can usually be manipulated by adjusting the opening of this vent. Typical fresh air intake is about 10% of the total supply air.[citation needed]

Air conditioning and refrigeration are provided through the removal of heat. Heat can be removed through radiation, convection, or conduction. The heat transfer medium is a refrigeration system, such as water, air, ice, and chemicals are referred to as refrigerants. A refrigerant is employed either in a heat pump system in which a compressor is used to drive thermodynamic refrigeration cycle, or in a free cooling system that uses pumps to circulate a cool refrigerant (typically water or a glycol mix).

It is imperative that the air conditioning horsepower is sufficient for the area being cooled. Underpowered air conditioning systems will lead to power wastage and inefficient usage. Adequate horsepower is required for any air conditioner installed.

Refrigeration cycle

[edit]
A simple stylized diagram of the refrigeration cycle: 1) condensing coil, 2) expansion valve, 3) evaporating coil, 4) compressor

The refrigeration cycle uses four essential elements to cool, which are compressor, condenser, metering device, and evaporator.

  • At the inlet of a compressor, the refrigerant inside the system is in a low pressure, low temperature, gaseous state. The compressor pumps the refrigerant gas up to high pressure and temperature.
  • From there it enters a heat exchanger (sometimes called a condensing coil or condenser) where it loses heat to the outside, cools, and condenses into its liquid phase.
  • An expansion valve (also called metering device) regulates the refrigerant liquid to flow at the proper rate.
  • The liquid refrigerant is returned to another heat exchanger where it is allowed to evaporate, hence the heat exchanger is often called an evaporating coil or evaporator. As the liquid refrigerant evaporates it absorbs heat from the inside air, returns to the compressor, and repeats the cycle. In the process, heat is absorbed from indoors and transferred outdoors, resulting in cooling of the building.

In variable climates, the system may include a reversing valve that switches from heating in winter to cooling in summer. By reversing the flow of refrigerant, the heat pump refrigeration cycle is changed from cooling to heating or vice versa. This allows a facility to be heated and cooled by a single piece of equipment by the same means, and with the same hardware.

Free cooling

[edit]

Free cooling systems can have very high efficiencies, and are sometimes combined with seasonal thermal energy storage so that the cold of winter can be used for summer air conditioning. Common storage mediums are deep aquifers or a natural underground rock mass accessed via a cluster of small-diameter, heat-exchanger-equipped boreholes. Some systems with small storages are hybrids, using free cooling early in the cooling season, and later employing a heat pump to chill the circulation coming from the storage. The heat pump is added-in because the storage acts as a heat sink when the system is in cooling (as opposed to charging) mode, causing the temperature to gradually increase during the cooling season.

Some systems include an "economizer mode", which is sometimes called a "free-cooling mode". When economizing, the control system will open (fully or partially) the outside air damper and close (fully or partially) the return air damper. This will cause fresh, outside air to be supplied to the system. When the outside air is cooler than the demanded cool air, this will allow the demand to be met without using the mechanical supply of cooling (typically chilled water or a direct expansion "DX" unit), thus saving energy. The control system can compare the temperature of the outside air vs. return air, or it can compare the enthalpy of the air, as is frequently done in climates where humidity is more of an issue. In both cases, the outside air must be less energetic than the return air for the system to enter the economizer mode.

Packaged split system

[edit]

Central, "all-air" air-conditioning systems (or package systems) with a combined outdoor condenser/evaporator unit are often installed in North American residences, offices, and public buildings, but are difficult to retrofit (install in a building that was not designed to receive it) because of the bulky air ducts required.[32] (Minisplit ductless systems are used in these situations.) Outside of North America, packaged systems are only used in limited applications involving large indoor space such as stadiums, theatres or exhibition halls.

An alternative to packaged systems is the use of separate indoor and outdoor coils in split systems. Split systems are preferred and widely used worldwide except in North America. In North America, split systems are most often seen in residential applications, but they are gaining popularity in small commercial buildings. Split systems are used where ductwork is not feasible or where the space conditioning efficiency is of prime concern.[33] The benefits of ductless air conditioning systems include easy installation, no ductwork, greater zonal control, flexibility of control, and quiet operation.[34] In space conditioning, the duct losses can account for 30% of energy consumption.[35] The use of minisplits can result in energy savings in space conditioning as there are no losses associated with ducting.

With the split system, the evaporator coil is connected to a remote condenser unit using refrigerant piping between an indoor and outdoor unit instead of ducting air directly from the outdoor unit. Indoor units with directional vents mount onto walls, suspended from ceilings, or fit into the ceiling. Other indoor units mount inside the ceiling cavity so that short lengths of duct handle air from the indoor unit to vents or diffusers around the rooms.

Split systems are more efficient and the footprint is typically smaller than the package systems. On the other hand, package systems tend to have a slightly lower indoor noise level compared to split systems since the fan motor is located outside.

Dehumidification

[edit]

Dehumidification (air drying) in an air conditioning system is provided by the evaporator. Since the evaporator operates at a temperature below the dew point, moisture in the air condenses on the evaporator coil tubes. This moisture is collected at the bottom of the evaporator in a pan and removed by piping to a central drain or onto the ground outside.

A dehumidifier is an air-conditioner-like device that controls the humidity of a room or building. It is often employed in basements that have a higher relative humidity because of their lower temperature (and propensity for damp floors and walls). In food retailing establishments, large open chiller cabinets are highly effective at dehumidifying the internal air. Conversely, a humidifier increases the humidity of a building.

The HVAC components that dehumidify the ventilation air deserve careful attention because outdoor air constitutes most of the annual humidity load for nearly all buildings.[36]

Humidification

[edit]

Maintenance

[edit]

All modern air conditioning systems, even small window package units, are equipped with internal air filters.[citation needed] These are generally of a lightweight gauze-like material, and must be replaced or washed as conditions warrant. For example, a building in a high dust environment, or a home with furry pets, will need to have the filters changed more often than buildings without these dirt loads. Failure to replace these filters as needed will contribute to a lower heat exchange rate, resulting in wasted energy, shortened equipment life, and higher energy bills; low air flow can result in iced-over evaporator coils, which can completely stop airflow. Additionally, very dirty or plugged filters can cause overheating during a heating cycle, which can result in damage to the system or even fire.

Because an air conditioner moves heat between the indoor coil and the outdoor coil, both must be kept clean. This means that, in addition to replacing the air filter at the evaporator coil, it is also necessary to regularly clean the condenser coil. Failure to keep the condenser clean will eventually result in harm to the compressor because the condenser coil is responsible for discharging both the indoor heat (as picked up by the evaporator) and the heat generated by the electric motor driving the compressor.

Energy efficiency

[edit]

HVAC is significantly responsible for promoting energy efficiency of buildings as the building sector consumes the largest percentage of global energy.[37] Since the 1980s, manufacturers of HVAC equipment have been making an effort to make the systems they manufacture more efficient. This was originally driven by rising energy costs, and has more recently been driven by increased awareness of environmental issues. Additionally, improvements to the HVAC system efficiency can also help increase occupant health and productivity.[38] In the US, the EPA has imposed tighter restrictions over the years. There are several methods for making HVAC systems more efficient.

Heating energy

[edit]

In the past, water heating was more efficient for heating buildings and was the standard in the United States. Today, forced air systems can double for air conditioning and are more popular.

Some benefits of forced air systems, which are now widely used in churches, schools, and high-end residences, are

  • Better air conditioning effects
  • Energy savings of up to 15–20%
  • Even conditioning[citation needed]

A drawback is the installation cost, which can be slightly higher than traditional HVAC systems.

Energy efficiency can be improved even more in central heating systems by introducing zoned heating. This allows a more granular application of heat, similar to non-central heating systems. Zones are controlled by multiple thermostats. In water heating systems the thermostats control zone valves, and in forced air systems they control zone dampers inside the vents which selectively block the flow of air. In this case, the control system is very critical to maintaining a proper temperature.

Forecasting is another method of controlling building heating by calculating the demand for heating energy that should be supplied to the building in each time unit.

Ground source heat pump

[edit]

Ground source, or geothermal, heat pumps are similar to ordinary heat pumps, but instead of transferring heat to or from outside air, they rely on the stable, even temperature of the earth to provide heating and air conditioning. Many regions experience seasonal temperature extremes, which would require large-capacity heating and cooling equipment to heat or cool buildings. For example, a conventional heat pump system used to heat a building in Montana's −57 °C (−70 °F) low temperature or cool a building in the highest temperature ever recorded in the US—57 °C (134 °F) in Death Valley, California, in 1913 would require a large amount of energy due to the extreme difference between inside and outside air temperatures. A metre below the earth's surface, however, the ground remains at a relatively constant temperature. Utilizing this large source of relatively moderate temperature earth, a heating or cooling system's capacity can often be significantly reduced. Although ground temperatures vary according to latitude, at 1.8 metres (6 ft) underground, temperatures generally only range from 7 to 24 °C (45 to 75 °F).

Solar air conditioning

[edit]

Photovoltaic solar panels offer a new way to potentially decrease the operating cost of air conditioning. Traditional air conditioners run using alternating current, and hence, any direct-current solar power needs to be inverted to be compatible with these units. New variable-speed DC-motor units allow solar power to more easily run them since this conversion is unnecessary, and since the motors are tolerant of voltage fluctuations associated with variance in supplied solar power (e.g., due to cloud cover).

Ventilation energy recovery

[edit]

Energy recovery systems sometimes utilize heat recovery ventilation or energy recovery ventilation systems that employ heat exchangers or enthalpy wheels to recover sensible or latent heat from exhausted air. This is done by transfer of energy from the stale air inside the home to the incoming fresh air from outside.

Air conditioning energy

[edit]

The performance of vapor compression refrigeration cycles is limited by thermodynamics.[39] These air conditioning and heat pump devices move heat rather than convert it from one form to another, so thermal efficiencies do not appropriately describe the performance of these devices. The Coefficient of performance (COP) measures performance, but this dimensionless measure has not been adopted. Instead, the Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER) has traditionally been used to characterize the performance of many HVAC systems. EER is the Energy Efficiency Ratio based on a 35 °C (95 °F) outdoor temperature. To more accurately describe the performance of air conditioning equipment over a typical cooling season a modified version of the EER, the Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio (SEER), or in Europe the ESEER, is used. SEER ratings are based on seasonal temperature averages instead of a constant 35 °C (95 °F) outdoor temperature. The current industry minimum SEER rating is 14 SEER. Engineers have pointed out some areas where efficiency of the existing hardware could be improved. For example, the fan blades used to move the air are usually stamped from sheet metal, an economical method of manufacture, but as a result they are not aerodynamically efficient. A well-designed blade could reduce the electrical power required to move the air by a third.[40]

Demand-controlled kitchen ventilation

[edit]

Demand-controlled kitchen ventilation (DCKV) is a building controls approach to controlling the volume of kitchen exhaust and supply air in response to the actual cooking loads in a commercial kitchen. Traditional commercial kitchen ventilation systems operate at 100% fan speed independent of the volume of cooking activity and DCKV technology changes that to provide significant fan energy and conditioned air savings. By deploying smart sensing technology, both the exhaust and supply fans can be controlled to capitalize on the affinity laws for motor energy savings, reduce makeup air heating and cooling energy, increasing safety, and reducing ambient kitchen noise levels.[41]

Air filtration and cleaning

[edit]
Air handling unit, used for heating, cooling, and filtering the air

Air cleaning and filtration removes particles, contaminants, vapors and gases from the air. The filtered and cleaned air then is used in heating, ventilation, and air conditioning. Air cleaning and filtration should be taken in account when protecting our building environments.[42] If present, contaminants can come out from the HVAC systems if not removed or filtered properly.

Clean air delivery rate (CADR) is the amount of clean air an air cleaner provides to a room or space. When determining CADR, the amount of airflow in a space is taken into account. For example, an air cleaner with a flow rate of 30 cubic metres (1,000 cu ft) per minute and an efficiency of 50% has a CADR of 15 cubic metres (500 cu ft) per minute. Along with CADR, filtration performance is very important when it comes to the air in our indoor environment. This depends on the size of the particle or fiber, the filter packing density and depth, and the airflow rate.[42]

Circulation of harmful substances

[edit]

Poorly maintained air conditioners/ventilation systems can harbor mold, bacteria, and other contaminants, which are then circulated throughout indoor spaces, contributing to ...[43]

Industry and standards

[edit]

The HVAC industry is a worldwide enterprise, with roles including operation and maintenance, system design and construction, equipment manufacturing and sales, and in education and research. The HVAC industry was historically regulated by the manufacturers of HVAC equipment, but regulating and standards organizations such as HARDI (Heating, Air-conditioning and Refrigeration Distributors International), ASHRAE, SMACNA, ACCA (Air Conditioning Contractors of America), Uniform Mechanical Code, International Mechanical Code, and AMCA have been established to support the industry and encourage high standards and achievement. (UL as an omnibus agency is not specific to the HVAC industry.)

The starting point in carrying out an estimate both for cooling and heating depends on the exterior climate and interior specified conditions. However, before taking up the heat load calculation, it is necessary to find fresh air requirements for each area in detail, as pressurization is an important consideration.

International

[edit]

ISO 16813:2006 is one of the ISO building environment standards.[44] It establishes the general principles of building environment design. It takes into account the need to provide a healthy indoor environment for the occupants as well as the need to protect the environment for future generations and promote collaboration among the various parties involved in building environmental design for sustainability. ISO16813 is applicable to new construction and the retrofit of existing buildings.[45]

The building environmental design standard aims to:[45]

  • provide the constraints concerning sustainability issues from the initial stage of the design process, with building and plant life cycle to be considered together with owning and operating costs from the beginning of the design process;
  • assess the proposed design with rational criteria for indoor air quality, thermal comfort, acoustical comfort, visual comfort, energy efficiency, and HVAC system controls at every stage of the design process;
  • iterate decisions and evaluations of the design throughout the design process.

United States

[edit]

Licensing

[edit]

In the United States, federal licensure is generally handled by EPA certified (for installation and service of HVAC devices).

Many U.S. states have licensing for boiler operation. Some of these are listed as follows:

  • Arkansas [46]
  • Georgia [47]
  • Michigan [48]
  • Minnesota [49]
  • Montana [50]
  • New Jersey [51]
  • North Dakota [52]
  • Ohio [53]
  • Oklahoma [54]
  • Oregon [55]

Finally, some U.S. cities may have additional labor laws that apply to HVAC professionals.

Societies

[edit]

Many HVAC engineers are members of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE). ASHRAE regularly organizes two annual technical committees and publishes recognized standards for HVAC design, which are updated every four years.[56]

Another popular society is AHRI, which provides regular information on new refrigeration technology, and publishes relevant standards and codes.

Codes

[edit]

Codes such as the UMC and IMC do include much detail on installation requirements, however. Other useful reference materials include items from SMACNA, ACGIH, and technical trade journals.

American design standards are legislated in the Uniform Mechanical Code or International Mechanical Code. In certain states, counties, or cities, either of these codes may be adopted and amended via various legislative processes. These codes are updated and published by the International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials (IAPMO) or the International Code Council (ICC) respectively, on a 3-year code development cycle. Typically, local building permit departments are charged with enforcement of these standards on private and certain public properties.

Technicians

[edit]
HVAC Technician
Occupation
Occupation type
Vocational
Activity sectors
Construction
Description
Education required
Apprenticeship
Related jobs
Carpenter, electrician, plumber, welder

An HVAC technician is a tradesman who specializes in heating, ventilation, air conditioning, and refrigeration. HVAC technicians in the US can receive training through formal training institutions, where most earn associate degrees. Training for HVAC technicians includes classroom lectures and hands-on tasks, and can be followed by an apprenticeship wherein the recent graduate works alongside a professional HVAC technician for a temporary period.[57] HVAC techs who have been trained can also be certified in areas such as air conditioning, heat pumps, gas heating, and commercial refrigeration.

United Kingdom

[edit]

The Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers is a body that covers the essential Service (systems architecture) that allow buildings to operate. It includes the electrotechnical, heating, ventilating, air conditioning, refrigeration and plumbing industries. To train as a building services engineer, the academic requirements are GCSEs (A-C) / Standard Grades (1-3) in Maths and Science, which are important in measurements, planning and theory. Employers will often want a degree in a branch of engineering, such as building environment engineering, electrical engineering or mechanical engineering. To become a full member of CIBSE, and so also to be registered by the Engineering Council UK as a chartered engineer, engineers must also attain an Honours Degree and a master's degree in a relevant engineering subject.[citation needed] CIBSE publishes several guides to HVAC design relevant to the UK market, and also the Republic of Ireland, Australia, New Zealand and Hong Kong. These guides include various recommended design criteria and standards, some of which are cited within the UK building regulations, and therefore form a legislative requirement for major building services works. The main guides are:

  • Guide A: Environmental Design
  • Guide B: Heating, Ventilating, Air Conditioning and Refrigeration
  • Guide C: Reference Data
  • Guide D: Transportation systems in Buildings
  • Guide E: Fire Safety Engineering
  • Guide F: Energy Efficiency in Buildings
  • Guide G: Public Health Engineering
  • Guide H: Building Control Systems
  • Guide J: Weather, Solar and Illuminance Data
  • Guide K: Electricity in Buildings
  • Guide L: Sustainability
  • Guide M: Maintenance Engineering and Management

Within the construction sector, it is the job of the building services engineer to design and oversee the installation and maintenance of the essential services such as gas, electricity, water, heating and lighting, as well as many others. These all help to make buildings comfortable and healthy places to live and work in. Building Services is part of a sector that has over 51,000 businesses and employs represents 2–3% of the GDP.

Australia

[edit]

The Air Conditioning and Mechanical Contractors Association of Australia (AMCA), Australian Institute of Refrigeration, Air Conditioning and Heating (AIRAH), Australian Refrigeration Mechanical Association and CIBSE are responsible.

Asia

[edit]

Asian architectural temperature-control have different priorities than European methods. For example, Asian heating traditionally focuses on maintaining temperatures of objects such as the floor or furnishings such as Kotatsu tables and directly warming people, as opposed to the Western focus, in modern periods, on designing air systems.

Philippines

[edit]

The Philippine Society of Ventilating, Air Conditioning and Refrigerating Engineers (PSVARE) along with Philippine Society of Mechanical Engineers (PSME) govern on the codes and standards for HVAC / MVAC (MVAC means "mechanical ventilation and air conditioning") in the Philippines.

India

[edit]

The Indian Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers (ISHRAE) was established to promote the HVAC industry in India. ISHRAE is an associate of ASHRAE. ISHRAE was founded at New Delhi[58] in 1981 and a chapter was started in Bangalore in 1989. Between 1989 & 1993, ISHRAE chapters were formed in all major cities in India.[citation needed]

See also

[edit]
  • Air speed (HVAC)
  • Architectural engineering
  • ASHRAE Handbook
  • Auxiliary power unit
  • Cleanroom
  • Electric heating
  • Fan coil unit
  • Glossary of HVAC terms
  • Head-end power
  • Hotel electric power
  • Mechanical engineering
  • Outdoor wood-fired boiler
  • Radiant cooling
  • Sick building syndrome
  • Uniform Codes
  • Uniform Mechanical Code
  • Ventilation (architecture)
  • World Refrigeration Day
  • Wrightsoft

References

[edit]
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  2. ^ Designer's Guide to Ceiling-Based Air Diffusion, Rock and Zhu, ASHRAE, Inc., New York, 2002
  3. ^ Rezaie, Behnaz; Rosen, Marc A. (2012). "District heating and cooling: Review of technology and potential enhancements". Applied Energy. 93: 2–10. Bibcode:2012ApEn...93....2R. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.04.020.
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  7. ^ Wong B., Thornton J. (2013). Integrating Solar & Heat Pumps. Renewable Heat Workshop.
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  13. ^ "What is HVAC? A Comprehensive Guide".
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  22. ^ "Air Change Rates for typical Rooms and Buildings". The Engineering ToolBox. Retrieved 2012-12-12.
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Further reading

[edit]
  • International Mechanical Code (2012 (Second Printing)) by the International Code Council, Thomson Delmar Learning.
  • Modern Refrigeration and Air Conditioning (August 2003) by Althouse, Turnquist, and Bracciano, Goodheart-Wilcox Publisher; 18th edition.
  • The Cost of Cool.
  • Whai is LEV?
[edit]
  • Media related to Climate control at Wikimedia Commons

 

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Driving Directions in Tulsa County


Driving Directions From Tuff Shed Tulsa to Durham Supply Inc
Driving Directions From Country Inn & Suites by Radisson, Tulsa, OK to Durham Supply Inc
Driving Directions From Brookhaven Hospitales to Durham Supply Inc
Driving Directions From Subway to Durham Supply Inc
Driving Directions From Dollar General to Durham Supply Inc
Driving Directions From Church on the Move Tulsa to Durham Supply Inc
Driving Directions From The Tulsa Arts District to Durham Supply Inc
Driving Directions From Golden Driller Statue to Durham Supply Inc
Driving Directions From Tours of Tulsa to Durham Supply Inc
Driving Directions From Woodward Park and Gardens to Durham Supply Inc
Driving Directions From The Blue Dome to Durham Supply Inc
Driving Directions From Philbrook Museum of Art to Durham Supply Inc

Reviews for Durham Supply Inc


Durham Supply Inc

B Mann

(5)

I was in need of some items for a double wide that I am remodeling and this place is the only place in town that had what I needed ( I didn't even try the other rude place )while I was there I learned the other place that was in Tulsa that also sold mobile home supplies went out of business (no wonder the last time I was in there they were VERY RUDE and high priced) I like the way Dunham does business they answered all my questions and got me the supplies I needed, very friendly, I will be back to purchase the rest of my items when the time comes.

Durham Supply Inc

Ethel Schiller

(5)

This place is really neat, if they don't have it they can order it from another of their stores and have it there overnight in most cases. Even hard to find items for a trailer! I definitely recommend this place to everyone! O and the prices is awesome too!

Durham Supply Inc

Ty Spears

(5)

Bought a door/storm door combo. Turns out it was the wrong size. They swapped it out, quick and easy no problems. Very helpful in explaining the size differences from standard door sizes.

Durham Supply Inc

Dennis Champion

(5)

Durham supply and Royal supply seems to find the most helpful and friendly people to work in their stores, we are based out of Kansas City out here for a few remodels and these guys treated us like we've gone there for years.

Durham Supply Inc

Gerald Clifford Brewster

(5)

We will see, the storm door I bought says on the tag it's 36x80, but it's 34x80. If they return it.......they had no problems returning it. And it was no fault of there's, you measure a mobile home door different than a standard door!

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Frequently Asked Questions

No payment period deals allow consumers to install a mobile home cooling system and defer payments for a specified time, usually offered by manufacturers or retailers to make the purchase more accessible.
Evaluate the terms of the deal, such as interest rates after the no payment period ends, total cost over time compared to upfront purchases, and if you can afford future payments once they start.
Yes, potential risks include high interest rates kicking in after the deferral period, penalties for missed payments, and possibly paying more in the long run than with traditional financing.
Start by researching well-known HVAC manufacturers and retailers online. Check reviews, request quotes from multiple sources, and verify their credibility through consumer protection agencies or industry certifications.