Reviewing Interest Options for Mobile Home AC Installations

Reviewing Interest Options for Mobile Home AC Installations

Overview of HVAC needs specific to mobile homes

The decision to install an air conditioning system in a mobile home is not merely about comfort; it is about ensuring a safe, efficient, and cost-effective living environment. Proper AC installation is crucial because it significantly influences the performance and longevity of the system, the indoor air quality, and overall energy costs.


Drainage systems prevent moisture buildup around mobile home HVAC units hvac for mobile home inventory.

Mobile homes present unique challenges when it comes to AC installations due to their construction. Unlike traditional homes, mobile homes often have less space for ductwork and HVAC units. This makes precise installation even more critical. A poorly installed AC unit can lead to inefficient cooling, causing some areas of the home to be cooler or warmer than others. It can also result in increased energy consumption as the system works harder to achieve the desired temperature, leading to higher utility bills.


Moreover, improper installation can cause undue stress on the AC components. This may result in frequent breakdowns or necessitate premature replacement of parts or even the entire unit. In contrast, a correctly installed system operates smoothly within its designed parameters, minimizing wear and tear and extending its lifespan.


Air quality is another important consideration linked with proper AC installation. An inadequately installed system may fail to filter air effectively or manage humidity levels appropriately, creating conditions conducive to mold growth or dust accumulation. These issues not only affect comfort but also pose health risks, particularly for individuals with respiratory conditions.


Additionally, choosing the right type of AC system for a mobile home is vital. Options such as central air conditioning systems, ductless mini-splits, or window units each come with their own set of advantages and considerations specific to mobile homes. Consulting with an HVAC professional who understands these nuances ensures that homeowners select an option that best fits their needs while aligning with structural limitations.


In conclusion, investing in proper AC installation for a mobile home goes beyond immediate comfort-it encompasses long-term financial savings through energy efficiency and reduced repair costs, enhances reliability by optimizing equipment performance and durability, and improves indoor air quality for healthier living conditions. As such, careful consideration of all available options and professional guidance during installation are indispensable steps towards achieving these benefits.

When considering the installation of an air conditioning system in a mobile home, one of the primary concerns for homeowners is often how to finance this significant investment. The need for efficient and effective cooling solutions is particularly pressing in such environments due to the limited space and varied insulation characteristics typical of mobile homes. Thus, exploring various interest options for financing AC installations becomes crucial.


First and foremost, personal loans are a common avenue many homeowners explore. These loans are unsecured, meaning they don't require collateral like your home or car. Lenders typically offer fixed interest rates, which provide the stability of knowing exactly what your monthly payments will be over the loan's duration. However, it's essential to shop around as interest rates can vary significantly depending on your credit score and financial history.


Another viable option could be a home equity line of credit (HELOC). If you own your mobile home and have built up equity over time, a HELOC allows you to borrow against that equity at relatively low-interest rates compared to personal loans. The advantage here is that HELOCs often come with flexible repayment terms, which can make budgeting more manageable.


For those who may not qualify for traditional bank loans or lines of credit due to less-than-perfect credit scores, manufacturer financing programs might be worth investigating. Many AC manufacturers offer financing plans directly through their dealerships or partnered financial institutions. These programs sometimes feature promotional interest rates or deferred payment options designed to make immediate installation more accessible.


Furthermore, there are government-backed programs that might assist low-income families in securing necessary upgrades like air conditioning installations. Programs such as the Low-Income Home Energy Assistance Program (LIHEAP) can sometimes provide grants or low-interest loans specifically tailored for energy efficiency improvements in mobile homes.


In addition to these options, some utility companies offer on-bill financing programs where the cost of an AC unit is spread out over several months or years through additional charges on your utility bill. This method can be convenient since it ties directly into your existing account but typically requires approval based on past payment history with the utility company.


Ultimately, when reviewing interest options for financing AC installations in mobile homes, it's vital for homeowners to conduct thorough research and consider all available avenues before making a decision. Factors such as current financial status, long-term budget impact, and even potential future resale value should all play into selecting the most suitable financing method. By carefully weighing these considerations against available interest options, homeowners can ensure they invest wisely while enhancing their comfort during those sweltering summer months.

Breaking Down Interest-Free HVAC Financing for Mobile Homes

Breaking Down Interest-Free HVAC Financing for Mobile Homes

Navigating the world of HVAC financing for mobile homes can be daunting, especially when terms like "interest-free" come into play.. While these offers may initially seem like a financial oasis, they often conceal complex structures and potential hidden costs that can disrupt your budget if not managed carefully.

Posted by on 2024-12-30

Affordable Payment Plans for Upgrading Mobile Home AC Systems

Affordable Payment Plans for Upgrading Mobile Home AC Systems

Choosing the right payment plan for upgrading your mobile home AC system is a crucial decision that can significantly impact your financial stability and comfort at home.. With numerous options available, it's essential to consider several factors to ensure you select a plan that aligns with your needs and budget. Firstly, assess your financial situation.

Posted by on 2024-12-30

Top HVAC Brands Offering Exclusive Payment Plans for Mobile Homes

Top HVAC Brands Offering Exclusive Payment Plans for Mobile Homes

In today's fast-paced world, homeowners are consistently seeking solutions that blend quality and affordability, especially when it comes to vital home systems like heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC).. For owners of mobile homes, finding the right HVAC system can be a particular challenge due to unique space constraints and mobility considerations.

Posted by on 2024-12-30

Understanding Financing Options for Mobile Home HVAC

When considering the installation of an air conditioning unit in a mobile home, homeowners are often faced with the decision of how to finance this important investment. Two primary options stand out: traditional loans and specialized financing plans. Each has its distinct advantages and drawbacks, particularly when it comes to interest options, which can significantly impact the overall cost of the AC installation over time.


Traditional loans, typically offered by banks or credit unions, are a common choice for many consumers due to their straightforward terms and established reputation. These loans usually come with fixed interest rates, meaning that monthly payments remain consistent throughout the loan term. This predictability allows homeowners to budget more effectively without worrying about fluctuating costs. Furthermore, traditional loans often have longer repayment periods than specialized financing plans, which can lower monthly payments even if it means paying more in interest over time.


However, qualifying for a traditional loan can be challenging for some individuals. Lenders generally require a good credit score and may demand collateral or impose other stringent eligibility criteria. For those who qualify, these loans offer stability and reliability; yet for others, they might seem out of reach or simply too cumbersome given the paperwork involved.


On the other hand, specialized financing plans are specifically tailored to meet the needs of home improvement projects like mobile home AC installations. These plans are often provided directly through contractors or manufacturers who partner with financial institutions to offer more flexible terms. A significant benefit of these specialized plans is their accessibility; they tend to have less stringent credit requirements than traditional loans and might not require any collateral at all.


Moreover, specialized financing plans sometimes come with promotional interest rates-such as zero percent interest for an introductory period-which can make them very appealing at first glance. However, it's crucial for consumers to read the fine print, as these attractive rates may eventually convert into higher variable rates after the promotional period ends. This potential volatility means that while initial costs might be low or even nonexistent, long-term costs could increase substantially if not managed carefully.


In summary, both traditional loans and specialized financing plans offer viable paths toward funding an AC installation in a mobile home but cater to different needs and priorities. Traditional loans provide consistency and long-term planning benefits but require good creditworthiness and potentially high closing costs. Specialized financing offers flexibility and initial affordability but carries risks associated with changing interest rates post-promotional periods.


Ultimately, homeowners should weigh their current financial situation against each option's benefits and limitations while also considering future financial goals before deciding on how best to finance their mobile home's air conditioning system installation.

Understanding Financing Options for Mobile Home HVAC

Explanation of common financing packages available

When it comes to financing mobile home air conditioning installations, evaluating the costs and benefits of different interest options is a critical step. As homeowners seek to enhance comfort and efficiency in their living spaces, understanding the financial implications of various loan types can help ensure that the chosen solution is both affordable and sustainable.


One common financing option is a personal loan, which often comes with fixed interest rates. This predictability allows homeowners to budget effectively, knowing that their monthly payments will remain constant over time. However, personal loans may have higher interest rates compared to other options, potentially increasing the overall cost of borrowing.


Another choice is a home equity loan or line of credit (HELOC), where homeowners borrow against the equity in their property. These loans typically offer lower interest rates than personal loans because they are secured by collateral-the home itself. The downside is that this option involves more risk; if payments are missed, there could be severe consequences such as foreclosure.


Credit cards might also be considered for smaller AC installation projects. While convenient and easy to access, credit cards usually carry high-interest rates if balances are not paid off quickly. This can make them an expensive choice if not managed correctly.


For those who qualify, manufacturer financing plans or promotions from HVAC companies can provide tailored solutions with competitive terms. These programs often come with enticing low or zero-interest introductory periods but must be scrutinized for hidden fees or significant rate hikes after the promotional period ends.


In making a decision, it's essential for homeowners to assess their current financial situation carefully and consider long-term goals. Factors such as expected cash flow changes, credit scores, and existing debt levels should weigh into the decision-making process.


Ultimately, selecting the right financing option requires balancing immediate needs with future financial health. By thoroughly reviewing all available interest options for mobile home AC installations-including potential tax benefits or incentives-homeowners can find a workable solution that meets their specific needs without compromising economic stability.


In conclusion, while each financing option has its pros and cons, thorough evaluation helps ensure that mobile home residents make informed decisions about how best to fund air conditioning upgrades. Whether opting for a personal loan's stability or leveraging home equity for lower rates-or even taking advantage of promotional offers-understanding these choices can lead to cooler homes without overheating budgets.

Key factors to consider when choosing a financing option

When contemplating the installation of an air conditioning (AC) system in a mobile home, one of the pivotal decisions to make involves selecting an appropriate financing option. This choice can significantly influence both your immediate financial situation and long-term economic well-being. Here, we delve into critical considerations that should guide you when reviewing interest options for financing such installations.


First and foremost, understanding the range of interest rates available is crucial. Interest rates can vary widely depending on factors such as credit scores, lender policies, and market conditions. It's essential to shop around and compare different lenders to find a favorable rate that keeps your overall costs manageable. A lower interest rate generally means reduced monthly payments and less money paid over the life of the loan, making it a key factor in your decision-making process.


Another significant consideration is the type of interest rate offered: fixed or variable. Fixed rates remain constant throughout the loan term, providing predictability in budgeting because you'll know exactly what you owe each month. On the other hand, variable rates might start lower but can fluctuate based on market conditions-potentially leading to higher payments if rates increase. Assessing your comfort level with risk and your ability to adapt to changing payment amounts will help determine which type of interest rate aligns best with your financial strategy.


The loan term length also plays a vital role in deciding how much you'll end up paying in total interest. Shorter terms typically have higher monthly payments but result in lower total interest costs due to faster principal repayment. Conversely, longer terms reduce monthly burdens but accumulate more interest over time. Consider your current financial capabilities and future earning potential when choosing between short-term savings versus long-term cost efficiency.


Additionally, it's wise to scrutinize any fees associated with loans for AC installations carefully. Some lenders might charge origination fees, prepayment penalties, or other hidden costs that could impact the overall affordability of your financing plan. Reading through all terms meticulously-and seeking clarification from lenders on anything unclear-can prevent unpleasant surprises down the line.


Lastly, evaluate whether there are special financing offers or incentives available for energy-efficient systems or first-time buyers that could ease financial burdens further. Government programs or manufacturer rebates might provide additional savings opportunities that are worth exploring.


In conclusion, choosing a financing option for AC installation in a mobile home requires thoughtful consideration of various elements related to interest options. By focusing on securing favorable rates, understanding the implications of fixed versus variable interests, weighing term lengths against personal finances, accounting for additional fees, and exploring available incentives-you can make an informed decision that supports both immediate comfort and long-term fiscal health.

Personal Loans for HVAC Systems

In recent years, the demand for air conditioning installations in mobile homes has surged, driven by an increasing awareness of comfort and climate control. However, financing these installations can pose a significant challenge for many homeowners. Examining successful case studies of mobile home AC installations with various interest options reveals insightful strategies that have enabled homeowners to achieve affordable and effective cooling solutions.


One notable case study involves a mobile home community in Florida, where residents faced scorching summer temperatures. To alleviate this discomfort, a local HVAC company partnered with a credit union to offer low-interest financing options tailored specifically for mobile home owners. The collaboration allowed residents to access flexible payment plans that fit their budgets without compromising on quality or efficiency. By spreading the cost over several years at an attractive interest rate, many homeowners were able to install energy-efficient systems that significantly improved their living conditions.


Another successful example comes from California, where environmental concerns and high electricity costs prompted innovative financing solutions for AC installations. Here, a non-profit organization launched a program aimed at promoting sustainable energy use in mobile homes. Through partnerships with green energy companies and financial institutions, they offered zero-interest loans for installing solar-powered air conditioning systems. This initiative not only provided immediate relief from the heat but also encouraged long-term savings on utility bills while contributing positively to environmental conservation efforts.


A different approach was observed in Texas, where the state government introduced incentives for upgrading existing cooling systems in mobile homes. By offering tax credits and rebates alongside traditional loan options with competitive interest rates, more residents were motivated to replace outdated units with high-efficiency models. These incentives reduced the upfront cost burden and made it financially feasible for homeowners to invest in modern technology that enhanced indoor air quality and comfort levels substantially.


These case studies underscore the importance of exploring diverse interest options when considering AC installations in mobile homes. They highlight how strategic collaborations between HVAC providers, financial institutions, and government bodies can create accessible pathways for homeowners seeking temperature control solutions. Additionally, these examples demonstrate the potential benefits of integrating environmentally friendly technologies into such projects.


In conclusion, reviewing interest options is crucial when planning AC installations in mobile homes as it directly impacts affordability and accessibility for residents. Successful cases show that tailored financing plans can make quality air conditioning systems attainable even within constrained budgets while fostering sustainability goals simultaneously. As more communities recognize these advantages through real-world applications like those detailed above-providing cool comfort becomes not only achievable but also beneficially transformative across various dimensions: economically viable yet ecologically sound-a win-win scenario indeed!

A modern "triple wide" home

Manufactured housing (commonly known as mobile homes in the United States) is a type of prefabricated housing that is largely assembled in factories and then transported to sites of use. The definition of the term in the United States is regulated by federal law (Code of Federal Regulations, 24 CFR 3280): "Manufactured homes are built as dwelling units of at least 320 square feet (30 m2) in size with a permanent chassis to assure the initial and continued transportability of the home."[1] The requirement to have a wheeled chassis permanently attached differentiates "manufactured housing" from other types of prefabricated homes, such as modular homes.

United States

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Definition

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According to the Manufactured Housing Institute's National Communities Council (MHINCC), manufactured homes[2]

are homes built entirely in the factory under a federal building code administered by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). The Federal Manufactured Home Construction and Safety Standards (commonly known as the HUD Code) went into effect June 15, 1976. Manufactured homes may be single- or multi-section and are transported to the site and installed.

The MHINCC distinguishes among several types of factory-built housing: manufactured homes, modular homes, panelized homes, pre-cut homes, and mobile homes.

From the same source, mobile home "is the term used for manufactured homes produced prior to June 15, 1976, when the HUD Code went into effect."[2] Despite the formal definition, mobile home and trailer are still common terms in the United States for this type of housing.

History

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The original focus of this form of housing was its ability to relocate easily. Units were initially marketed primarily to people whose lifestyle required mobility. However, beginning in the 1950s, these homes began to be marketed primarily as an inexpensive form of housing designed to be set up and left in a location for long periods of time, or even permanently installed with a masonry foundation. Previously, units had been eight feet or less in width, but in 1956, the 10-foot (3.0 m) wide home was introduced. This helped solidify the line between mobile and house/travel trailers, since the smaller units could be moved simply with an automobile, but the larger, wider units required the services of a professional trucking company. In the 1960s and '70s, the homes became even longer and wider, making the mobility of the units more difficult. Today, when a factory-built home is moved to a location, it is usually kept there permanently. The mobility of the units has decreased considerably.

The factory-built homes of the past developed a negative stereotype because of their lower cost and the tendency for their value to depreciate more quickly than site-built homes. The tendency of these homes to rapidly depreciate in resale value made using them as collateral for loans far riskier than traditional home loans. Loan terms were usually limited to less than the 30-year term typical of the general home-loan market, and interest rates were considerably higher. In other words, these home loans resembled motor vehicle loans far more than traditional home mortgages. They have been consistently linked to lower-income families, which has led to prejudice and zoning restrictions, which include limitations on the number and density of homes permitted on any given site, minimum size requirements, limitations on exterior colors and finishes, and foundation mandates.

Many jurisdictions do not allow the placement of any additional factory-built homes, while others have strongly limited or forbidden all single-wide models, which tend to depreciate more rapidly than modern double-wide models. The derogatory concept of a "trailer park" is typically older single-wide homes occupying small, rented lots and remaining on wheels, even if the home stays in place for decades.

Modern manufactured homes

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A manufactured house ready to be assembled in Grass Valley, California

Modern homes, especially modular homes, belie this image and can be identical in appearance to site-built homes. Newer homes, particularly double-wides, tend to be built to much higher standards than their predecessors. This has led to a reduction in the rate of value depreciation of many used units.

A manufactured house just before construction of its garage
Stick built garage being added to a new manufactured house

Although great strides have been made in terms of quality, manufactured homes do still struggle with construction problems. Author Wes Johnson has pointed out that the HUD code which governs manufactured homes desperately needs to be updated, quality control at manufacturing facilities are often lax, and set-up issues often compromise even a well-made manufactured home. Johnson states buyers need to be exceptionally cautious if they are entertaining the idea of purchasing any manufactured home by carefully checking it for defects before signing the contract and supervising the set-up process closely. These homes in the modern age are built to be beautiful and last longer than the typical old trailers.[citation needed]

When FEMA studied the destruction wrought by Hurricane Andrew in Dade County Florida, they concluded that modular and masonry homes fared best compared to other construction.[3]

High-performance manufactured housing

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While manufactured homes are considered to be affordable housing, older models can be some of the most expensive in the nation to heat due to energy inefficiency.[4] High-performance manufactured housing uses less energy and therefore increases life-cycle affordability by decreasing operating costs. High-performance housing is not only energy efficient, but also attractive, functional, water-efficient, resilient to wind, seismic forces, and moisture penetration, and has healthy indoor environmental quality. Achieving high-performance involves integrated, whole building design, involving many components, not one single technology. High–performance manufactured housing should also include energy efficient appliances, such as Energy Star qualified appliances.[4] Energy Star requires ample insulation: 2x6 walls: R21, roof: R40, floor: R33.

Difference from modular homes

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Both types of homes - manufactured and modular - are commonly referred to as factory-built housing, but they are not identical. Modular homes are built to International Residential Code (IRC) code. Modular homes can be transported on flatbed trucks rather than being towed, and can lack axles and an automotive-type frame. However, some modular houses are towed behind a semi-truck or toter on a frame similar to that of a trailer. The house is usually in two pieces and is hauled by two separate trucks. Each frame has five or more axles, depending on the size of the house. Once the house has reached its location, the axles and the tongue of the frame are then removed, and the house is set on a concrete foundation by a large crane. Some modern modular homes, once fully assembled, are indistinguishable from site-built homes. In addition, modular homes:

  • must conform to the same local, state and regional building codes as homes built on-site;
  • are treated the same by banks as homes built on-site. They are easily refinanced, for example;
  • must be structurally approved by inspectors;
  • can be of any size, although the block sections from which they are assembled are uniformly sized;[5][6]

Difference from IRC codes homes (site built)

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Manufactured homes have several standard requirements that are more stringent than International Residential Code homes.

Fire Protection

A National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) study from July 2011 shows that occurrence of fires is lower in manufactured housing and the injury rate is lower in manufactured housing. The justification behind the superior fire safety is due to the following higher standard requirements:

  • The HUD standard requires a flame spread of 25 or less in water heater and furnace compartments.
  • The HUD standard requires a flame spread of 50 or less on the wall behind the range.
  • The HUD standard requires a flame spread of 75 or less on the ceilings.
  • The HUD standard requires a flame spread of 25 or less to protect the bottoms and side of kitchen cabinets around the range.
  • The HUD standard requires additional protection of cabinets above the range.
  • The HUD standard requires trim larger than 6" to meet flame spread requirements.
  • The HUD standard requires smoke detectors in the general living area.
  • The HUD standard requires 2 exterior doors.
  • The HUD standard requires bedroom doors to be within 35 feet of an exterior door.

Bay Area

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The San Francisco Bay Area, located in Northern California, is known for its high real estate prices, making manufactured housing an increasingly popular alternative to traditional real estate.[7] It is mainly the value of the land that makes real estate in this area so expensive. As of May 2011, the median price of a home in Santa Clara was $498,000,[8] while the most expensive manufactured home with all the premium features was only $249,000.[9] This drastic price difference is due to the fact that manufactured homes are typically placed in communities where individuals do not own the land, but instead pay a monthly site fee. This enables a consumer, who could otherwise not afford to live in the Bay Area, the opportunity to own a new home in this location. There are various communities of manufactured homes in the Bay Area, the largest being Casa de Amigos, located in Sunnyvale, California.

Australia

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An Australian modern prefabricated house

In Australia these homes are commonly known as transportable homes, relocatable homes or prefabricated homes (not to be confused with the American meaning of the term). They are not as common as in the US, but the industry is expected to grow as this method of construction becomes more accepted.

Manufactured home parks refer to housing estates where the house owner rents the land instead of owning it. This is quite common in Queensland in both the form of tourist parks and over fifty estates. The term transportable homes tends to be used to refer to houses that are built on land that is owned by the house owner.[citation needed]

Typically the homes are built in regional areas where the cost of organizing tradespeople and materials is higher than in the cities. In particular prefabricated homes have been popular in mining towns or other towns experiencing demand for new housing in excess of what can be handled by local builders. This method of construction is governed by state construction legislation and is subject to local council approval and homeowners' warranty or home warranty insurance.

Construction process

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A manufactured home is built entirely inside a huge, climate-controlled factory by a team of craftsmen. The first step in the process is the flooring, which is built in sections, each attached to a permanent chassis with its own wheels and secured for transport upon the home's completion. Depending on the size of the house and the floorplan's layout, there may be two, three or even four sections. The flooring sections have heating, electrical and plumbing connections pre-installed before they are finished with laminate, tile or hardwood. Next, the walls are constructed on a flat level surface with insulation and interior Sheetrock before being lifted by crane into position and secured to the floor sections. The interior ceilings and roof struts are next, vapor sealed and secured to each section's wall frame before being shingled. Then, the exterior siding is added, along with the installation of doors and windows. Finally, interior finishing, such as sealing the drywall, is completed, along with fixture installation and finishing the electrical and plumbing connections. The exposed portions of each section, where they will eventually be joined together, are wrapped in plastic to protect them for transport.

With all the building site prep work completed, the building will be delivered by trucks towing the individual sections on their permanent chassis. The sections will be joined together securely, and all final plumbing and electrical connections are made before a decorative skirt or facade is applied to the bottom exterior of the house, hiding the chassis and finishing off the look of the home.

See also

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  • Modular home
  • Prefabrication
  • Prefabricated home
  • Reefer container housing units
  • British post-war temporary prefab houses
  • HUD USER
  • Regulatory Barriers Clearinghouse
  • Lustron house
  • Cardinal Industries, Inc.
  • Dymaxion house
  • Excel Homes
  • All American Homes
  • All Parks Alliance for Change

References

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  1. ^ "HUD.gov / U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)". portal.hud.gov. Archived from the original on 2017-05-14. Retrieved 2020-03-24.
  2. ^ a b "What is a Manufactured Home?" Manufactured Housing Institute's National Communities Council, accessed 6 July 2011 Archived 23 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  3. ^ "FIA 22, Mitigation Assessment Team Report: Hurricane Andrew in Florida (1993) - FEMA.gov". www.fema.gov.
  4. ^ a b Environmental and Energy Study Institute. "Issue Brief: High-Performance Manufactured Housing". eesi.org. Retrieved August 2, 2011.
  5. ^ https://homenation.com/mobile-vs-modular/ Modular home vs Manufactured home
  6. ^ Kit Homes Guide
  7. ^ "2011 Coldwell Banker U.S. Home Listing Report". Coldwell Banker. Retrieved 6 July 2011.
  8. ^ "Bay Area May Home Sales, Median Price Inch Up From April; Fall below 2010". DataQuick. Retrieved 6 July 2011.
  9. ^ "Sunnyvale Model Home". Alliance Manufactured Homes. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 6 July 2011.

 

 

An ab anbar (water reservoir) with double domes and windcatchers (openings near the top of the towers) in the central desert city of Naeen, Iran. Windcatchers are a form of natural ventilation.[1]

Ventilation is the intentional introduction of outdoor air into a space. Ventilation is mainly used to control indoor air quality by diluting and displacing indoor pollutants; it can also be used to control indoor temperature, humidity, and air motion to benefit thermal comfort, satisfaction with other aspects of the indoor environment, or other objectives.

The intentional introduction of outdoor air is usually categorized as either mechanical ventilation, natural ventilation, or mixed-mode ventilation.[2]

  • Mechanical ventilation is the intentional fan-driven flow of outdoor air into and/or out from a building. Mechanical ventilation systems may include supply fans (which push outdoor air into a building), exhaust[3] fans (which draw air out of a building and thereby cause equal ventilation flow into a building), or a combination of both (called balanced ventilation if it neither pressurizes nor depressurizes the inside air,[3] or only slightly depressurizes it). Mechanical ventilation is often provided by equipment that is also used to heat and cool a space.
  • Natural ventilation is the intentional passive flow of outdoor air into a building through planned openings (such as louvers, doors, and windows). Natural ventilation does not require mechanical systems to move outdoor air. Instead, it relies entirely on passive physical phenomena, such as wind pressure, or the stack effect. Natural ventilation openings may be fixed, or adjustable. Adjustable openings may be controlled automatically (automated), owned by occupants (operable), or a combination of both. Cross ventilation is a phenomenon of natural ventilation.
  • Mixed-mode ventilation systems use both mechanical and natural processes. The mechanical and natural components may be used at the same time, at different times of day, or in different seasons of the year.[4] Since natural ventilation flow depends on environmental conditions, it may not always provide an appropriate amount of ventilation. In this case, mechanical systems may be used to supplement or regulate the naturally driven flow.

Ventilation is typically described as separate from infiltration.

  • Infiltration is the circumstantial flow of air from outdoors to indoors through leaks (unplanned openings) in a building envelope. When a building design relies on infiltration to maintain indoor air quality, this flow has been referred to as adventitious ventilation.[5]

The design of buildings that promote occupant health and well-being requires a clear understanding of the ways that ventilation airflow interacts with, dilutes, displaces, or introduces pollutants within the occupied space. Although ventilation is an integral component of maintaining good indoor air quality, it may not be satisfactory alone.[6] A clear understanding of both indoor and outdoor air quality parameters is needed to improve the performance of ventilation in terms of occupant health and energy.[7] In scenarios where outdoor pollution would deteriorate indoor air quality, other treatment devices such as filtration may also be necessary.[8] In kitchen ventilation systems, or for laboratory fume hoods, the design of effective effluent capture can be more important than the bulk amount of ventilation in a space. More generally, the way that an air distribution system causes ventilation to flow into and out of a space impacts the ability of a particular ventilation rate to remove internally generated pollutants. The ability of a system to reduce pollution in space is described as its "ventilation effectiveness". However, the overall impacts of ventilation on indoor air quality can depend on more complex factors such as the sources of pollution, and the ways that activities and airflow interact to affect occupant exposure.

An array of factors related to the design and operation of ventilation systems are regulated by various codes and standards. Standards dealing with the design and operation of ventilation systems to achieve acceptable indoor air quality include the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) Standards 62.1 and 62.2, the International Residential Code, the International Mechanical Code, and the United Kingdom Building Regulations Part F. Other standards that focus on energy conservation also impact the design and operation of ventilation systems, including ASHRAE Standard 90.1, and the International Energy Conservation Code.

When indoor and outdoor conditions are favorable, increasing ventilation beyond the minimum required for indoor air quality can significantly improve both indoor air quality and thermal comfort through ventilative cooling, which also helps reduce the energy demand of buildings.[9][10] During these times, higher ventilation rates, achieved through passive or mechanical means (air-side economizer, ventilative pre-cooling), can be particularly beneficial for enhancing people's physical health.[11] Conversely, when conditions are less favorable, maintaining or improving indoor air quality through ventilation may require increased use of mechanical heating or cooling, leading to higher energy consumption.

Ventilation should be considered for its relationship to "venting" for appliances and combustion equipment such as water heaters, furnaces, boilers, and wood stoves. Most importantly, building ventilation design must be careful to avoid the backdraft of combustion products from "naturally vented" appliances into the occupied space. This issue is of greater importance for buildings with more air-tight envelopes. To avoid the hazard, many modern combustion appliances utilize "direct venting" which draws combustion air directly from outdoors, instead of from the indoor environment.

Design of air flow in rooms

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The air in a room can be supplied and removed in several ways, for example via ceiling ventilation, cross ventilation, floor ventilation or displacement ventilation.[citation needed]

Furthermore, the air can be circulated in the room using vortexes which can be initiated in various ways:

Ventilation rates for indoor air quality

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The ventilation rate, for commercial, industrial, and institutional (CII) buildings, is normally expressed by the volumetric flow rate of outdoor air, introduced to the building. The typical units used are cubic feet per minute (CFM) in the imperial system, or liters per second (L/s) in the metric system (even though cubic meter per second is the preferred unit for volumetric flow rate in the SI system of units). The ventilation rate can also be expressed on a per person or per unit floor area basis, such as CFM/p or CFM/ft², or as air changes per hour (ACH).

Standards for residential buildings

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For residential buildings, which mostly rely on infiltration for meeting their ventilation needs, a common ventilation rate measure is the air change rate (or air changes per hour): the hourly ventilation rate divided by the volume of the space (I or ACH; units of 1/h). During the winter, ACH may range from 0.50 to 0.41 in a tightly air-sealed house to 1.11 to 1.47 in a loosely air-sealed house.[12]

ASHRAE now recommends ventilation rates dependent upon floor area, as a revision to the 62-2001 standard, in which the minimum ACH was 0.35, but no less than 15 CFM/person (7.1 L/s/person). As of 2003, the standard has been changed to 3 CFM/100 sq. ft. (15 L/s/100 sq. m.) plus 7.5 CFM/person (3.5 L/s/person).[13]

Standards for commercial buildings

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Ventilation rate procedure

[edit]

Ventilation Rate Procedure is rate based on standard and prescribes the rate at which ventilation air must be delivered to space and various means to the condition that air.[14] Air quality is assessed (through CO2 measurement) and ventilation rates are mathematically derived using constants. Indoor Air Quality Procedure uses one or more guidelines for the specification of acceptable concentrations of certain contaminants in indoor air but does not prescribe ventilation rates or air treatment methods.[14] This addresses both quantitative and subjective evaluations and is based on the Ventilation Rate Procedure. It also accounts for potential contaminants that may have no measured limits, or for which no limits are not set (such as formaldehyde off-gassing from carpet and furniture).

Natural ventilation

[edit]

Natural ventilation harnesses naturally available forces to supply and remove air in an enclosed space. Poor ventilation in rooms is identified to significantly increase the localized moldy smell in specific places of the room including room corners.[11] There are three types of natural ventilation occurring in buildings: wind-driven ventilation, pressure-driven flows, and stack ventilation.[15] The pressures generated by 'the stack effect' rely upon the buoyancy of heated or rising air. Wind-driven ventilation relies upon the force of the prevailing wind to pull and push air through the enclosed space as well as through breaches in the building's envelope.

Almost all historic buildings were ventilated naturally.[16] The technique was generally abandoned in larger US buildings during the late 20th century as the use of air conditioning became more widespread. However, with the advent of advanced Building Performance Simulation (BPS) software, improved Building Automation Systems (BAS), Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) design requirements, and improved window manufacturing techniques; natural ventilation has made a resurgence in commercial buildings both globally and throughout the US.[17]

The benefits of natural ventilation include:

  • Improved indoor air quality (IAQ)
  • Energy savings
  • Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions
  • Occupant control
  • Reduction in occupant illness associated with sick building syndrome
  • Increased worker productivity

Techniques and architectural features used to ventilate buildings and structures naturally include, but are not limited to:

  • Operable windows
  • Clerestory windows and vented skylights
  • Lev/convection doors
  • Night purge ventilation
  • Building orientation
  • Wind capture façades

Airborne diseases

[edit]

Natural ventilation is a key factor in reducing the spread of airborne illnesses such as tuberculosis, the common cold, influenza, meningitis or COVID-19.[18] Opening doors and windows are good ways to maximize natural ventilation, which would make the risk of airborne contagion much lower than with costly and maintenance-requiring mechanical systems. Old-fashioned clinical areas with high ceilings and large windows provide the greatest protection. Natural ventilation costs little and is maintenance-free, and is particularly suited to limited-resource settings and tropical climates, where the burden of TB and institutional TB transmission is highest. In settings where respiratory isolation is difficult and climate permits, windows and doors should be opened to reduce the risk of airborne contagion. Natural ventilation requires little maintenance and is inexpensive.[19]

Natural ventilation is not practical in much of the infrastructure because of climate. This means that the facilities need to have effective mechanical ventilation systems and or use Ceiling Level UV or FAR UV ventilation systems.

Ventilation is measured in terms of air changes per hour (ACH). As of 2023, the CDC recommends that all spaces have a minimum of 5 ACH.[20] For hospital rooms with airborne contagions the CDC recommends a minimum of 12 ACH.[21] Challenges in facility ventilation are public unawareness,[22][23] ineffective government oversight, poor building codes that are based on comfort levels, poor system operations, poor maintenance, and lack of transparency.[24]

Pressure, both political and economic, to improve energy conservation has led to decreased ventilation rates. Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning rates have dropped since the energy crisis in the 1970s and the banning of cigarette smoke in the 1980s and 1990s.[25][26][better source needed]

Mechanical ventilation

[edit]
An axial belt-drive exhaust fan serving an underground car park. This exhaust fan's operation is interlocked with the concentration of contaminants emitted by internal combustion engines.

Mechanical ventilation of buildings and structures can be achieved by the use of the following techniques:

  • Whole-house ventilation
  • Mixing ventilation
  • Displacement ventilation
  • Dedicated subaerial air supply

Demand-controlled ventilation (DCV)

[edit]

Demand-controlled ventilation (DCV, also known as Demand Control Ventilation) makes it possible to maintain air quality while conserving energy.[27][28] ASHRAE has determined that "It is consistent with the ventilation rate procedure that demand control be permitted for use to reduce the total outdoor air supply during periods of less occupancy."[29] In a DCV system, CO2 sensors control the amount of ventilation.[30][31] During peak occupancy, CO2 levels rise, and the system adjusts to deliver the same amount of outdoor air as would be used by the ventilation-rate procedure.[32] However, when spaces are less occupied, CO2 levels reduce, and the system reduces ventilation to conserves energy. DCV is a well-established practice,[33] and is required in high occupancy spaces by building energy standards such as ASHRAE 90.1.[34]

Personalized ventilation

[edit]

Personalized ventilation is an air distribution strategy that allows individuals to control the amount of ventilation received. The approach delivers fresh air more directly to the breathing zone and aims to improve the air quality of inhaled air. Personalized ventilation provides much higher ventilation effectiveness than conventional mixing ventilation systems by displacing pollution from the breathing zone with far less air volume. Beyond improved air quality benefits, the strategy can also improve occupants' thermal comfort, perceived air quality, and overall satisfaction with the indoor environment. Individuals' preferences for temperature and air movement are not equal, and so traditional approaches to homogeneous environmental control have failed to achieve high occupant satisfaction. Techniques such as personalized ventilation facilitate control of a more diverse thermal environment that can improve thermal satisfaction for most occupants.

Local exhaust ventilation

[edit]

Local exhaust ventilation addresses the issue of avoiding the contamination of indoor air by specific high-emission sources by capturing airborne contaminants before they are spread into the environment. This can include water vapor control, lavatory effluent control, solvent vapors from industrial processes, and dust from wood- and metal-working machinery. Air can be exhausted through pressurized hoods or the use of fans and pressurizing a specific area.[35]
A local exhaust system is composed of five basic parts:

  1. A hood that captures the contaminant at its source
  2. Ducts for transporting the air
  3. An air-cleaning device that removes/minimizes the contaminant
  4. A fan that moves the air through the system
  5. An exhaust stack through which the contaminated air is discharged[35]

In the UK, the use of LEV systems has regulations set out by the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) which are referred to as the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (CoSHH). Under CoSHH, legislation is set to protect users of LEV systems by ensuring that all equipment is tested at least every fourteen months to ensure the LEV systems are performing adequately. All parts of the system must be visually inspected and thoroughly tested and where any parts are found to be defective, the inspector must issue a red label to identify the defective part and the issue.

The owner of the LEV system must then have the defective parts repaired or replaced before the system can be used.

Smart ventilation

[edit]

Smart ventilation is a process of continually adjusting the ventilation system in time, and optionally by location, to provide the desired IAQ benefits while minimizing energy consumption, utility bills, and other non-IAQ costs (such as thermal discomfort or noise). A smart ventilation system adjusts ventilation rates in time or by location in a building to be responsive to one or more of the following: occupancy, outdoor thermal and air quality conditions, electricity grid needs, direct sensing of contaminants, operation of other air moving and air cleaning systems. In addition, smart ventilation systems can provide information to building owners, occupants, and managers on operational energy consumption and indoor air quality as well as a signal when systems need maintenance or repair. Being responsive to occupancy means that a smart ventilation system can adjust ventilation depending on demand such as reducing ventilation if the building is unoccupied. Smart ventilation can time-shift ventilation to periods when a) indoor-outdoor temperature differences are smaller (and away from peak outdoor temperatures and humidity), b) when indoor-outdoor temperatures are appropriate for ventilative cooling, or c) when outdoor air quality is acceptable. Being responsive to electricity grid needs means providing flexibility to electricity demand (including direct signals from utilities) and integration with electric grid control strategies. Smart ventilation systems can have sensors to detect airflow, systems pressures, or fan energy use in such a way that systems failures can be detected and repaired, as well as when system components need maintenance, such as filter replacement.[36]

Ventilation and combustion

[edit]

Combustion (in a fireplace, gas heater, candle, oil lamp, etc.) consumes oxygen while producing carbon dioxide and other unhealthy gases and smoke, requiring ventilation air. An open chimney promotes infiltration (i.e. natural ventilation) because of the negative pressure change induced by the buoyant, warmer air leaving through the chimney. The warm air is typically replaced by heavier, cold air.

Ventilation in a structure is also needed for removing water vapor produced by respiration, burning, and cooking, and for removing odors. If water vapor is permitted to accumulate, it may damage the structure, insulation, or finishes. [citation needed] When operating, an air conditioner usually removes excess moisture from the air. A dehumidifier may also be appropriate for removing airborne moisture.

Calculation for acceptable ventilation rate

[edit]

Ventilation guidelines are based on the minimum ventilation rate required to maintain acceptable levels of effluents. Carbon dioxide is used as a reference point, as it is the gas of highest emission at a relatively constant value of 0.005 L/s. The mass balance equation is:

Q = G/(Ci − Ca)

  • Q = ventilation rate (L/s)
  • G = CO2 generation rate
  • Ci = acceptable indoor CO2 concentration
  • Ca = ambient CO2 concentration[37]

Smoking and ventilation

[edit]

ASHRAE standard 62 states that air removed from an area with environmental tobacco smoke shall not be recirculated into ETS-free air. A space with ETS requires more ventilation to achieve similar perceived air quality to that of a non-smoking environment.

The amount of ventilation in an ETS area is equal to the amount of an ETS-free area plus the amount V, where:

V = DSD × VA × A/60E

  • V = recommended extra flow rate in CFM (L/s)
  • DSD = design smoking density (estimated number of cigarettes smoked per hour per unit area)
  • VA = volume of ventilation air per cigarette for the room being designed (ft3/cig)
  • E = contaminant removal effectiveness[38]

History

[edit]
This ancient Roman house uses a variety of passive cooling and passive ventilation techniques. Heavy masonry walls, small exterior windows, and a narrow walled garden oriented N-S shade the house, preventing heat gain. The house opens onto a central atrium with an impluvium (open to the sky); the evaporative cooling of the water causes a cross-draft from atrium to garden.

Primitive ventilation systems were found at the Pločnik archeological site (belonging to the Vinča culture) in Serbia and were built into early copper smelting furnaces. The furnace, built on the outside of the workshop, featured earthen pipe-like air vents with hundreds of tiny holes in them and a prototype chimney to ensure air goes into the furnace to feed the fire and smoke comes out safely.[39]

Passive ventilation and passive cooling systems were widely written about around the Mediterranean by Classical times. Both sources of heat and sources of cooling (such as fountains and subterranean heat reservoirs) were used to drive air circulation, and buildings were designed to encourage or exclude drafts, according to climate and function. Public bathhouses were often particularly sophisticated in their heating and cooling. Icehouses are some millennia old, and were part of a well-developed ice industry by classical times.

The development of forced ventilation was spurred by the common belief in the late 18th and early 19th century in the miasma theory of disease, where stagnant 'airs' were thought to spread illness. An early method of ventilation was the use of a ventilating fire near an air vent which would forcibly cause the air in the building to circulate. English engineer John Theophilus Desaguliers provided an early example of this when he installed ventilating fires in the air tubes on the roof of the House of Commons. Starting with the Covent Garden Theatre, gas burning chandeliers on the ceiling were often specially designed to perform a ventilating role.

Mechanical systems

[edit]
The Central Tower of the Palace of Westminster. This octagonal spire was for ventilation purposes, in the more complex system imposed by Reid on Barry, in which it was to draw air out of the Palace. The design was for the aesthetic disguise of its function.[40][41]

A more sophisticated system involving the use of mechanical equipment to circulate the air was developed in the mid-19th century. A basic system of bellows was put in place to ventilate Newgate Prison and outlying buildings, by the engineer Stephen Hales in the mid-1700s. The problem with these early devices was that they required constant human labor to operate. David Boswell Reid was called to testify before a Parliamentary committee on proposed architectural designs for the new House of Commons, after the old one burned down in a fire in 1834.[40] In January 1840 Reid was appointed by the committee for the House of Lords dealing with the construction of the replacement for the Houses of Parliament. The post was in the capacity of ventilation engineer, in effect; and with its creation there began a long series of quarrels between Reid and Charles Barry, the architect.[42]

Reid advocated the installation of a very advanced ventilation system in the new House. His design had air being drawn into an underground chamber, where it would undergo either heating or cooling. It would then ascend into the chamber through thousands of small holes drilled into the floor, and would be extracted through the ceiling by a special ventilation fire within a great stack.[43]

Reid's reputation was made by his work in Westminster. He was commissioned for an air quality survey in 1837 by the Leeds and Selby Railway in their tunnel.[44] The steam vessels built for the Niger expedition of 1841 were fitted with ventilation systems based on Reid's Westminster model.[45] Air was dried, filtered and passed over charcoal.[46][47] Reid's ventilation method was also applied more fully to St. George's Hall, Liverpool, where the architect, Harvey Lonsdale Elmes, requested that Reid should be involved in ventilation design.[48] Reid considered this the only building in which his system was completely carried out.[49]

Fans

[edit]

With the advent of practical steam power, ceiling fans could finally be used for ventilation. Reid installed four steam-powered fans in the ceiling of St George's Hospital in Liverpool, so that the pressure produced by the fans would force the incoming air upward and through vents in the ceiling. Reid's pioneering work provides the basis for ventilation systems to this day.[43] He was remembered as "Dr. Reid the ventilator" in the twenty-first century in discussions of energy efficiency, by Lord Wade of Chorlton.[50]

History and development of ventilation rate standards

[edit]

Ventilating a space with fresh air aims to avoid "bad air". The study of what constitutes bad air dates back to the 1600s when the scientist Mayow studied asphyxia of animals in confined bottles.[51] The poisonous component of air was later identified as carbon dioxide (CO2), by Lavoisier in the very late 1700s, starting a debate as to the nature of "bad air" which humans perceive to be stuffy or unpleasant. Early hypotheses included excess concentrations of CO2 and oxygen depletion. However, by the late 1800s, scientists thought biological contamination, not oxygen or CO2, was the primary component of unacceptable indoor air. However, it was noted as early as 1872 that CO2 concentration closely correlates to perceived air quality.

The first estimate of minimum ventilation rates was developed by Tredgold in 1836.[52] This was followed by subsequent studies on the topic by Billings [53] in 1886 and Flugge in 1905. The recommendations of Billings and Flugge were incorporated into numerous building codes from 1900–the 1920s and published as an industry standard by ASHVE (the predecessor to ASHRAE) in 1914.[51]

The study continued into the varied effects of thermal comfort, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and biological contaminants. The research was conducted with human subjects in controlled test chambers. Two studies, published between 1909 and 1911, showed that carbon dioxide was not the offending component. Subjects remained satisfied in chambers with high levels of CO2, so long as the chamber remained cool.[51] (Subsequently, it has been determined that CO2 is, in fact, harmful at concentrations over 50,000ppm[54])

ASHVE began a robust research effort in 1919. By 1935, ASHVE-funded research conducted by Lemberg, Brandt, and Morse – again using human subjects in test chambers – suggested the primary component of "bad air" was an odor, perceived by the human olfactory nerves.[55] Human response to odor was found to be logarithmic to contaminant concentrations, and related to temperature. At lower, more comfortable temperatures, lower ventilation rates were satisfactory. A 1936 human test chamber study by Yaglou, Riley, and Coggins culminated much of this effort, considering odor, room volume, occupant age, cooling equipment effects, and recirculated air implications, which guided ventilation rates.[56] The Yaglou research has been validated, and adopted into industry standards, beginning with the ASA code in 1946. From this research base, ASHRAE (having replaced ASHVE) developed space-by-space recommendations, and published them as ASHRAE Standard 62-1975: Ventilation for acceptable indoor air quality.

As more architecture incorporated mechanical ventilation, the cost of outdoor air ventilation came under some scrutiny. In 1973, in response to the 1973 oil crisis and conservation concerns, ASHRAE Standards 62-73 and 62–81) reduced required ventilation from 10 CFM (4.76 L/s) per person to 5 CFM (2.37 L/s) per person. In cold, warm, humid, or dusty climates, it is preferable to minimize ventilation with outdoor air to conserve energy, cost, or filtration. This critique (e.g. Tiller[57]) led ASHRAE to reduce outdoor ventilation rates in 1981, particularly in non-smoking areas. However subsequent research by Fanger,[58] W. Cain, and Janssen validated the Yaglou model. The reduced ventilation rates were found to be a contributing factor to sick building syndrome.[59]

The 1989 ASHRAE standard (Standard 62–89) states that appropriate ventilation guidelines are 20 CFM (9.2 L/s) per person in an office building, and 15 CFM (7.1 L/s) per person for schools, while 2004 Standard 62.1-2004 has lower recommendations again (see tables below). ANSI/ASHRAE (Standard 62–89) speculated that "comfort (odor) criteria are likely to be satisfied if the ventilation rate is set so that 1,000 ppm CO2 is not exceeded"[60] while OSHA has set a limit of 5000 ppm over 8 hours.[61]

Historical ventilation rates
Author or source Year Ventilation rate (IP) Ventilation rate (SI) Basis or rationale
Tredgold 1836 4 CFM per person 2 L/s per person Basic metabolic needs, breathing rate, and candle burning
Billings 1895 30 CFM per person 15 L/s per person Indoor air hygiene, preventing spread of disease
Flugge 1905 30 CFM per person 15 L/s per person Excessive temperature or unpleasant odor
ASHVE 1914 30 CFM per person 15 L/s per person Based on Billings, Flugge and contemporaries
Early US Codes 1925 30 CFM per person 15 L/s per person Same as above
Yaglou 1936 15 CFM per person 7.5 L/s per person Odor control, outdoor air as a fraction of total air
ASA 1946 15 CFM per person 7.5 L/s per person Based on Yahlou and contemporaries
ASHRAE 1975 15 CFM per person 7.5 L/s per person Same as above
ASHRAE 1981 10 CFM per person 5 L/s per person For non-smoking areas, reduced.
ASHRAE 1989 15 CFM per person 7.5 L/s per person Based on Fanger, W. Cain, and Janssen

ASHRAE continues to publish space-by-space ventilation rate recommendations, which are decided by a consensus committee of industry experts. The modern descendants of ASHRAE standard 62-1975 are ASHRAE Standard 62.1, for non-residential spaces, and ASHRAE 62.2 for residences.

In 2004, the calculation method was revised to include both an occupant-based contamination component and an area–based contamination component.[62] These two components are additive, to arrive at an overall ventilation rate. The change was made to recognize that densely populated areas were sometimes overventilated (leading to higher energy and cost) using a per-person methodology.

Occupant Based Ventilation Rates,[62] ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2004

IP Units SI Units Category Examples
0 cfm/person 0 L/s/person Spaces where ventilation requirements are primarily associated with building elements, not occupants. Storage Rooms, Warehouses
5 cfm/person 2.5 L/s/person Spaces occupied by adults, engaged in low levels of activity Office space
7.5 cfm/person 3.5 L/s/person Spaces where occupants are engaged in higher levels of activity, but not strenuous, or activities generating more contaminants Retail spaces, lobbies
10 cfm/person 5 L/s/person Spaces where occupants are engaged in more strenuous activity, but not exercise, or activities generating more contaminants Classrooms, school settings
20 cfm/person 10 L/s/person Spaces where occupants are engaged in exercise, or activities generating many contaminants dance floors, exercise rooms

Area-based ventilation rates,[62] ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2004

IP Units SI Units Category Examples
0.06 cfm/ft2 0.30 L/s/m2 Spaces where space contamination is normal, or similar to an office environment Conference rooms, lobbies
0.12 cfm/ft2 0.60 L/s/m2 Spaces where space contamination is significantly higher than an office environment Classrooms, museums
0.18 cfm/ft2 0.90 L/s/m2 Spaces where space contamination is even higher than the previous category Laboratories, art classrooms
0.30 cfm/ft2 1.5 L/s/m2 Specific spaces in sports or entertainment where contaminants are released Sports, entertainment
0.48 cfm/ft2 2.4 L/s/m2 Reserved for indoor swimming areas, where chemical concentrations are high Indoor swimming areas

The addition of occupant- and area-based ventilation rates found in the tables above often results in significantly reduced rates compared to the former standard. This is compensated in other sections of the standard which require that this minimum amount of air is delivered to the breathing zone of the individual occupant at all times. The total outdoor air intake of the ventilation system (in multiple-zone variable air volume (VAV) systems) might therefore be similar to the airflow required by the 1989 standard.
From 1999 to 2010, there was considerable development of the application protocol for ventilation rates. These advancements address occupant- and process-based ventilation rates, room ventilation effectiveness, and system ventilation effectiveness[63]

Problems

[edit]
  • In hot, humid climates, unconditioned ventilation air can daily deliver approximately 260 milliliters of water for each cubic meters per hour (m3/h) of outdoor air (or one pound of water each day for each cubic feet per minute of outdoor air per day), annual average.[citation needed] This is a great deal of moisture and can create serious indoor moisture and mold problems. For example, given a 150 m2 building with an airflow of 180 m3/h this could result in about 47 liters of water accumulated per day.
  • Ventilation efficiency is determined by design and layout, and is dependent upon the placement and proximity of diffusers and return air outlets. If they are located closely together, supply air may mix with stale air, decreasing the efficiency of the HVAC system, and creating air quality problems.
  • System imbalances occur when components of the HVAC system are improperly adjusted or installed and can create pressure differences (too much-circulating air creating a draft or too little circulating air creating stagnancy).
  • Cross-contamination occurs when pressure differences arise, forcing potentially contaminated air from one zone to an uncontaminated zone. This often involves undesired odors or VOCs.
  • Re-entry of exhaust air occurs when exhaust outlets and fresh air intakes are either too close, prevailing winds change exhaust patterns or infiltration between intake and exhaust air flows.
  • Entrainment of contaminated outdoor air through intake flows will result in indoor air contamination. There are a variety of contaminated air sources, ranging from industrial effluent to VOCs put off by nearby construction work.[64] A recent study revealed that in urban European buildings equipped with ventilation systems lacking outdoor air filtration, the exposure to outdoor-originating pollutants indoors resulted in more Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) than exposure to indoor-emitted pollutants.[65]

See also

[edit]
  • Architectural engineering
  • Biological safety
  • Cleanroom
  • Environmental tobacco smoke
  • Fume hood
  • Head-end power
  • Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
  • Heat recovery ventilation
  • Mechanical engineering
  • Room air distribution
  • Sick building syndrome
  • Siheyuan
  • Solar chimney
  • Tulou
  • Windcatcher

References

[edit]
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  46. ^ Philip D. Curtin (1973). The image of Africa: British ideas and action, 1780–1850. Vol. 2. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 350. ISBN 978-0-299-83026-7. Retrieved 29 December 2011.
  47. ^ "William Loney RN – Background". Peter Davis. Archived from the original on 6 January 2012. Retrieved 7 January 2012.
  48. ^ Sturrock, Neil; Lawsdon-Smith, Peter (10 June 2009). "David Boswell Reid's Ventilation of St. George's Hall, Liverpool". The Victorian Web. Archived from the original on 3 December 2011. Retrieved 7 January 2012.
  49. ^ Lee, Sidney, ed. (1896). "Reid, David Boswell" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 47. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
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  57. ^ Tiller, T.R. 1973. ASHRAE Transactions, v. 79
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  60. ^ "Standard 62.1-2004: Stricter or Not?" ASHRAE IAQ Applications, Spring 2006. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 12 June 2014.cite web: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) accessed 11 June 2014
  61. ^ Apte, Michael G. Associations between indoor CO2 concentrations and sick building syndrome symptoms in U.S. office buildings: an analysis of the 1994–1996 BASE study data." Indoor Air, Dec 2000: 246–58.
  62. ^ a b c Stanke D. 2006. "Explaining Science Behind Standard 62.1-2004". ASHRAE IAQ Applications, V7, Summer 2006. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 12 June 2014.cite web: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) accessed 11 June 2014
  63. ^ Stanke, DA. 2007. "Standard 62.1-2004: Stricter or Not?" ASHRAE IAQ Applications, Spring 2006. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 12 June 2014.cite web: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) accessed 11 June 2014
  64. ^ US EPA. Section 2: Factors Affecting Indoor Air Quality. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 October 2008. Retrieved 30 April 2009.cite web: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  65. ^ Belias, Evangelos; Licina, Dusan (2024). "European residential ventilation: Investigating the impact on health and energy demand". Energy and Buildings. 304. Bibcode:2024EneBu.30413839B. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2023.113839.
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Air Infiltration & Ventilation Centre (AIVC)

[edit]
  • Publications from the Air Infiltration & Ventilation Centre (AIVC)

International Energy Agency (IEA) Energy in Buildings and Communities Programme (EBC)

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  • Publications from the International Energy Agency (IEA) Energy in Buildings and Communities Programme (EBC) ventilation-related research projects-annexes:
    • EBC Annex 9 Minimum Ventilation Rates
    • EBC Annex 18 Demand Controlled Ventilation Systems
    • EBC Annex 26 Energy Efficient Ventilation of Large Enclosures
    • EBC Annex 27 Evaluation and Demonstration of Domestic Ventilation Systems
    • EBC Annex 35 Control Strategies for Hybrid Ventilation in New and Retrofitted Office Buildings (HYBVENT)
    • EBC Annex 62 Ventilative Cooling

International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate

[edit]
  • Indoor Air Journal
  • Indoor Air Conference Proceedings

American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)

[edit]
  • ASHRAE Standard 62.1 – Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality
  • ASHRAE Standard 62.2 – Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality in Residential Buildings

 

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Driving Directions in Tulsa County


Driving Directions From Camp Bow Wow to Durham Supply Inc
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Reviews for Durham Supply Inc


Durham Supply Inc

Gerald Clifford Brewster

(5)

We will see, the storm door I bought says on the tag it's 36x80, but it's 34x80. If they return it.......they had no problems returning it. And it was no fault of there's, you measure a mobile home door different than a standard door!

Durham Supply Inc

Ty Spears

(5)

Bought a door/storm door combo. Turns out it was the wrong size. They swapped it out, quick and easy no problems. Very helpful in explaining the size differences from standard door sizes.

Durham Supply Inc

Ethel Schiller

(5)

This place is really neat, if they don't have it they can order it from another of their stores and have it there overnight in most cases. Even hard to find items for a trailer! I definitely recommend this place to everyone! O and the prices is awesome too!

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Frequently Asked Questions

The most energy-efficient AC options for mobile homes include ductless mini-split systems, which offer high SEER (Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio) ratings, and packaged air conditioners designed specifically for mobile homes. These systems provide targeted cooling with less energy loss compared to traditional central air systems.
Mobile home AC installations often require specialized equipment due to their unique design and space constraints. Units must be compatible with smaller ductwork and may need reinforced support structures or specific mounting solutions. Additionally, compliance with HUD (Housing and Urban Development) regulations is necessary to ensure safety and efficiency.
Financing options for mobile home HVAC installations include personal loans from banks or credit unions, financing plans offered by HVAC companies, or government programs like the Weatherization Assistance Program (WAP) that help low-income households improve energy efficiency. Its important to compare interest rates and terms before committing to a plan.