Combining Rebates with Financing for Mobile Home AC Purchases

Combining Rebates with Financing for Mobile Home AC Purchases

Overview of HVAC needs specific to mobile homes

The increasing need for energy efficiency in mobile homes has made the importance of efficient air conditioning (AC) units more pronounced than ever before. Mobile homes, often characterized by their compact living spaces and unique construction materials, can present distinct challenges when it comes to maintaining comfortable indoor temperatures. As the climate continues to change and energy costs rise, ensuring that mobile home residents have access to effective and efficient cooling solutions is crucial.


Outdoor compressor units should be shielded from debris and weather exposure mobile home hvac systems wall.

Efficient AC units play a pivotal role in reducing energy consumption while ensuring comfort in mobile homes. These units are designed to operate with lower electricity demands, which not only helps reduce the overall energy bills for residents but also lessens the environmental impact associated with excessive energy use. By optimizing their performance, these systems can maintain desired temperature levels without overworking or wasting power.


One of the key strategies to make these high-efficiency AC units accessible to mobile home residents is by combining rebates with financing options. Rebates offered by utility companies or government programs serve as immediate financial incentives that lower the initial cost of purchasing an efficient AC system. This reduction in upfront expenses makes it easier for homeowners who might otherwise be deterred by high initial costs to invest in better technology.


Coupling these rebates with smart financing plans further enhances affordability. Financing allows residents to spread out payments over time instead of bearing a hefty one-time expense. This approach not only increases purchase feasibility but also aligns monthly costs more closely with potential savings on electricity bills due to improved efficiency.


Moreover, such financial arrangements often come with attractive terms that take into account the projected savings from reduced energy usage. Lenders or program administrators frequently offer low-interest rates or flexible payment schedules tailored specifically for energy-efficient upgrades, making them especially appealing for fixed-income households commonly found within mobile home communities.


In addition to individual benefits, promoting efficient AC unit installations through rebates and financing has broader positive implications. It supports environmental sustainability efforts by curbing greenhouse gas emissions tied to excessive power production and consumption. Additionally, it stimulates economic activity through increased demand for modern HVAC technologies and installation services.


Overall, integrating rebates with financing solutions forms a comprehensive approach that addresses both financial barriers and promotes long-term benefits associated with efficient AC units in mobile homes. By prioritizing such initiatives, stakeholders can ensure that all individuals have equitable access to comfort while simultaneously advancing collective goals related to fiscal responsibility and ecological stewardship.


As we move forward into an era where sustainability is increasingly prioritized alongside quality of life improvements across all housing types-including mobile homes-embracing innovative approaches like this becomes essential not only for immediate relief but also enduring progress towards a more sustainable future.

When considering the investment in a mobile home air conditioning system, many homeowners are concerned not only with the upfront costs but also with maximizing their savings through available rebates and financing options. Understanding how to effectively combine these financial incentives can significantly reduce the overall expenditure and make an AC purchase more manageable.


Rebates are one of the most attractive incentives available for those purchasing new air conditioning units. These are typically offered by manufacturers, utility companies, or government programs aiming to promote energy efficiency and reduce environmental impact. For instance, local utility companies often provide rebates as part of their energy-saving initiatives. The amount can vary depending on the efficiency rating of the unit purchased, with higher rebates offered for models that demonstrate superior energy performance. Additionally, federal or state government programs may offer tax credits for energy-efficient appliance purchases, which further enhance potential savings.


To take full advantage of these rebates, it is essential first to research what's available in your area and understand the eligibility requirements. Most rebate programs require that you purchase a qualifying model from a participating retailer within a specified timeframe. Keeping track of deadlines and ensuring all necessary paperwork is submitted promptly will help avoid missing out on valuable savings.


Combining these rebates with financing options can further ease the financial burden associated with purchasing an air conditioning unit for your mobile home. Many retailers and manufacturers offer special financing deals such as zero-interest loans or extended payment plans that allow you to spread out payments over time without incurring additional interest costs. This approach can be particularly beneficial when paired with rebates since it reduces both immediate financial outlay and long-term cost burdens.


Moreover, some lenders offer green or energy-efficient loans specifically designed to encourage environmentally friendly home improvements like installing an efficient AC system in mobile homes. These loans often come with favorable terms compared to traditional financing options because they align with broader sustainability goals.


When planning your AC purchase, it's crucial to evaluate all available financing options alongside potential rebates. Begin by assessing your budgetary constraints and long-term financial goals; this will guide you in selecting a repayment plan that aligns best with your circumstances while leveraging any possible reductions through rebates.


In conclusion, purchasing an air conditioning unit for your mobile home doesn't have to be financially daunting if approached strategically by combining available rebates and smart financing solutions. By diligently researching what incentives exist at both local and federal levels-and coupling them wisely with advantageous payment plans-you can minimize costs significantly while enjoying increased comfort within your living space. This careful orchestration not only benefits your wallet but also supports broader efforts towards enhanced environmental stewardship through reduced energy consumption.

Top HVAC Brands Offering Exclusive Payment Plans for Mobile Homes

Top HVAC Brands Offering Exclusive Payment Plans for Mobile Homes

In today's fast-paced world, homeowners are consistently seeking solutions that blend quality and affordability, especially when it comes to vital home systems like heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC).. For owners of mobile homes, finding the right HVAC system can be a particular challenge due to unique space constraints and mobility considerations.

Posted by on 2024-12-30

Understanding Brand-Specific Compatibility for Mobile Home HVAC Installations

Understanding Brand-Specific Compatibility for Mobile Home HVAC Installations

When it comes to mobile home HVAC installations, understanding brand-specific compatibility is crucial for ensuring both proper installation and long-term maintenance.. Mobile homes have unique architectural and structural characteristics that require tailored heating and cooling solutions.

Posted by on 2024-12-30

How Financing Solutions Differ for Major Mobile Home HVAC Brands

How Financing Solutions Differ for Major Mobile Home HVAC Brands

When it comes to upgrading or installing a new HVAC system in a mobile home, understanding the financing solutions available for major brands is crucial.. This decision can significantly impact your financial health, comfort, and energy efficiency.

Posted by on 2024-12-30

Understanding Financing Options for Mobile Home HVAC

In the pursuit of creating a comfortable and energy-efficient living environment, mobile home owners often face unique challenges when it comes to upgrading essential systems like air conditioning. The cost of purchasing and installing a new AC system can be daunting, but combining available rebates with flexible financing options presents a viable solution for many.


Mobile homes, renowned for their affordability and flexibility, require efficient climate control systems to ensure comfort throughout the year. Investing in a high-quality air conditioning unit not only promises enhanced comfort but also contributes to long-term savings through improved energy efficiency. However, the initial outlay for such an upgrade can be prohibitive for many homeowners. This is where the strategic combination of rebates and financing becomes invaluable.


Rebates are offered by various entities including manufacturers, utility companies, and government programs as incentives to encourage consumers to purchase energy-efficient appliances. These rebates help reduce the upfront cost of new AC units significantly. For mobile home owners looking to replace outdated or inefficient systems, tapping into these rebate programs can make a substantial financial difference.


Once potential rebates have been identified-be it from federal tax credits or local utility discounts-the next step is exploring financing options that align with one's budgetary constraints. Financing provides the flexibility to spread out payments over time rather than making one large up-front payment. Financial institutions often offer specialized loans tailored for home improvements, which could include favorable interest rates or terms specifically designed for energy-efficient upgrades.


The synergy between securing rebates and obtaining suitable financing cannot be overstated. By lowering the initial cost through rebates and spreading remaining expenses over manageable installments via financing, mobile home owners can undertake necessary upgrades without undue financial strain. Additionally, reduced monthly operating costs due to greater energy efficiency translate into savings that can offset installment payments over time.


Moreover, this approach has broader implications beyond individual financial benefit; by opting for more energy-efficient solutions supported by these combined strategies, homeowners contribute positively towards environmental conservation efforts-a crucial consideration in today's world.


In conclusion, as mobile home owners contemplate upgrading their air conditioning systems amidst rising temperatures and fluctuating climates, leveraging both rebate opportunities and flexible financing options emerges as an astute strategy. This dual approach not only mitigates immediate financial burdens but also promotes long-term savings while aligning with sustainable living practices-an outcome beneficial for individuals and communities alike.

Understanding Financing Options for Mobile Home HVAC

Explanation of common financing packages available

Combining rebates with financing when purchasing air conditioning units for mobile homes can offer significant advantages to homeowners. This dual approach not only helps reduce immediate costs but also makes the long-term investment more manageable and financially beneficial. By exploring the benefits of this strategy, we can better understand its appeal and practicality for consumers looking to enhance their living conditions without straining their budgets.


One of the most compelling benefits of combining rebates with financing is the immediate reduction in out-of-pocket expenses. Rebates, often provided by manufacturers or government energy efficiency programs, lower the initial purchase price of an AC unit. These incentives encourage homeowners to invest in higher-efficiency models that might otherwise be financially out of reach. By lowering upfront costs, rebates make it easier for consumers to choose better-performing units, which can lead to significant savings on energy bills over time.


In addition to rebates, financing options further alleviate financial pressure by spreading payments over a manageable period. This arrangement allows homeowners to acquire necessary upgrades without waiting until they have saved enough capital. Financing options can include low or zero-interest loans specifically designed for energy-efficient home improvements. When combined with rebates, these financing solutions make upgrading AC systems more accessible and less daunting, especially for those who may not have substantial liquid assets readily available.


Another advantage is that this combination promotes energy efficiency, which has long-term economic and environmental benefits. Energy-efficient AC units consume less power while providing the same level of comfort as older models. This means that even after accounting for the cost of financing, homeowners often experience reduced utility bills due to lower energy consumption. Over time, these savings can offset both the initial purchase price and any interest accrued from financing arrangements.


Moreover, integrating rebates with financing supports broader sustainable living goals by encouraging consumers to opt for environmentally friendly products. As more people take advantage of these combined offerings, there is a collective move towards reducing overall carbon footprints associated with residential cooling needs. The environmental impact becomes a shared responsibility between individuals and institutions offering these incentives.


Finally, this strategy provides flexibility and peace of mind for mobile home owners who might otherwise feel constrained by budget limitations or hesitant about making large purchases upfront. It offers them a viable pathway to improve their homes' comfort and efficiency standards without compromising financial stability.


In conclusion, combining rebates with financing presents an attractive option for those looking to purchase air conditioning systems for mobile homes. It reduces immediate costs through direct discounts while easing financial burdens through structured payment plans-ultimately leading to greater energy efficiency and sustainability at a personal level as well as within wider communities. For homeowners eager to upgrade their living spaces affordably and responsibly, this approach represents both a smart economic decision and a commitment to future-proofing their lifestyles against rising energy demands and environmental concerns.

Key factors to consider when choosing a financing option

Purchasing a mobile home air conditioning (AC) unit is a significant investment that can greatly improve comfort and quality of life, especially in warmer climates. However, the cost of such units can be daunting for many homeowners. Fortunately, there are financial strategies available that can make this process more affordable and accessible. Combining rebates with financing options is one such strategy that can significantly reduce costs and ease the financial burden.


The first step in this process is to conduct thorough research on available rebates. Many utility companies, manufacturers, and government programs offer rebates for purchasing energy-efficient AC units. These rebates not only encourage environmentally friendly practices but also provide substantial savings to consumers. To find applicable rebates, homeowners should start by checking with their local utility company. Often, they will list current promotions or incentives on their website or through customer service channels.


Once potential rebates have been identified, it's crucial to understand the eligibility requirements and application deadlines associated with each one. This may involve purchasing specific models of AC units or having them installed by certified professionals. Keeping detailed records of purchase receipts and installation documents will be necessary when applying for these rebates.


Simultaneously exploring financing options is the next vital step in making an AC purchase more manageable. Retailers often partner with financial institutions to offer attractive financing deals to customers buying high-ticket items like AC units. These deals might include zero-interest loans if paid off within a certain period or low monthly payments spread over several years.


Homeowners should also consider personal loans from banks or credit unions as another viable financing avenue. Before settling on any loan product, it's important to compare interest rates, terms, and conditions from multiple lenders to ensure that you're getting the best deal possible.


After identifying both potential rebates and suitable financing options, it's time to coordinate these two elements effectively. Begin by securing pre-approval for any necessary loans; this will provide clarity on your budget limitations when selecting an AC unit eligible for rebate programs.


When ready to make a purchase, confirm that the chosen unit qualifies for all applicable rebates before finalizing any transactions-this ensures no surprises after purchase regarding eligibility criteria being unmet.


Finally-and perhaps most importantly-complete all required paperwork promptly after installation: submit rebate applications along with supporting documentation while adhering strictly to deadlines imposed by rebate providers so as not miss out due benefit opportunities!


In conclusion combining rebates with strategic financing plans offers smart way alleviate cost pressures associated buying mobile home AC systems without compromising quality choice! By following outlined steps conducting diligent research into both realms securing necessary approvals submitting timely applications individuals stand position enjoy comfortable living spaces reduced financial strain simultaneously contributing towards greater environmental sustainability through energy-efficient technology adoption .

Personal Loans for HVAC Systems

Combining rebates with financing for mobile home air conditioning (AC) purchases presents an innovative strategy to make these systems more affordable and accessible. However, as with any financial arrangement, this approach is not without its potential challenges. By identifying and addressing these challenges, consumers can maximize their benefits and ensure a smoother purchasing experience.


One of the primary challenges is navigating the complexity of rebate programs. Rebates often come with specific eligibility requirements, application processes, and deadlines that can overwhelm potential buyers. Consumers may struggle to understand which rebates they qualify for or how to apply them effectively towards their purchase. To overcome this challenge, it is crucial to conduct thorough research before making a purchase. Buyers should consult with manufacturers or authorized dealers who are familiar with available rebate programs and can provide guidance on how to meet the necessary criteria. Additionally, leveraging online resources or contacting local utility companies can offer further insights into available rebates.


Another significant challenge lies in managing the financing aspect of the purchase. Financing options vary widely in terms of interest rates, repayment periods, and terms and conditions. Consumers may find it difficult to assess which financing package best suits their financial situation and future plans. To address this issue, prospective buyers should first evaluate their budget and credit score to understand what financing options are realistically available to them. It's advisable to shop around for multiple offers from different lenders or financial institutions before committing to one option.


Furthermore, combining rebates with financing requires careful coordination between different entities-manufacturers offering rebates, financial institutions providing loans, and retailers selling AC units. Miscommunication or delays in one part of this process could lead to complications that negate potential savings from either the rebate or favorable loan terms. To mitigate such risks, consumers should maintain clear communication channels with all parties involved throughout the transaction process.


Lastly, there is a risk that individuals might prioritize immediate savings over long-term efficiency gains when selecting an AC unit under these arrangements. While initial cost reductions via rebates and affordable financing are attractive, it's vital not to overlook the importance of energy efficiency ratings that impact future utility costs significantly.


In conclusion, while combining rebates with financing offers an appealing pathway toward affordability for mobile home AC purchases, understanding its intricacies is essential for maximizing benefits effectively without incurring unforeseen obstacles along the way-researching thoroughly beforehand will help alleviate many potential pitfalls related both directly (complexity) & indirectly (long-term efficiency).

A DuPont R-134a refrigerant

A refrigerant is a working fluid used in cooling, heating or reverse cooling and heating of air conditioning systems and heat pumps where they undergo a repeated phase transition from a liquid to a gas and back again. Refrigerants are heavily regulated because of their toxicity and flammability[1] and the contribution of CFC and HCFC refrigerants to ozone depletion[2] and that of HFC refrigerants to climate change.[3]

Refrigerants are used in a direct expansion (DX- Direct Expansion) system (circulating system)to transfer energy from one environment to another, typically from inside a building to outside (or vice versa) commonly known as an air conditioner cooling only or cooling & heating reverse DX system or heat pump a heating only DX cycle. Refrigerants can carry 10 times more energy per kg than water, and 50 times more than air.

Refrigerants are controlled substances and classified by International safety regulations ISO 817/5149, AHRAE 34/15 & BS EN 378 due to high pressures (700–1,000 kPa (100–150 psi)), extreme temperatures (−50 °C [−58 °F] to over 100 °C [212 °F]), flammability (A1 class non-flammable, A2/A2L class flammable and A3 class extremely flammable/explosive) and toxicity (B1-low, B2-medium & B3-high). The regulations relate to situations when these refrigerants are released into the atmosphere in the event of an accidental leak not while circulated.

Refrigerants (controlled substances) must only be handled by qualified/certified engineers for the relevant classes (in the UK, C&G 2079 for A1-class and C&G 6187-2 for A2/A2L & A3-class refrigerants).

Refrigerants (A1 class only) Due to their non-flammability, A1 class non-flammability, non-explosivity, and non-toxicity, non-explosivity they have been used in open systems (consumed when used) like fire extinguishers, inhalers, computer rooms fire extinguishing and insulation, etc.) since 1928.

History

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The observed stabilization of HCFC concentrations (left graphs) and the growth of HFCs (right graphs) in earth's atmosphere.

The first air conditioners and refrigerators employed toxic or flammable gases, such as ammonia, sulfur dioxide, methyl chloride, or propane, that could result in fatal accidents when they leaked.[4]

In 1928 Thomas Midgley Jr. created the first non-flammable, non-toxic chlorofluorocarbon gas, Freon (R-12). The name is a trademark name owned by DuPont (now Chemours) for any chlorofluorocarbon (CFC), hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC), or hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerant. Following the discovery of better synthesis methods, CFCs such as R-11,[5] R-12,[6] R-123[5] and R-502[7] dominated the market.

Phasing out of CFCs

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In the mid-1970s, scientists discovered that CFCs were causing major damage to the ozone layer that protects the earth from ultraviolet radiation, and to the ozone holes over polar regions.[8][9] This led to the signing of the Montreal Protocol in 1987 which aimed to phase out CFCs and HCFC[10] but did not address the contributions that HFCs made to climate change. The adoption of HCFCs such as R-22,[11][12][13] and R-123[5] was accelerated and so were used in most U.S. homes in air conditioners and in chillers[14] from the 1980s as they have a dramatically lower Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) than CFCs, but their ODP was still not zero which led to their eventual phase-out.

Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) such as R-134a,[15][16] R-407A,[17] R-407C,[18] R-404A,[7] R-410A[19] (a 50/50 blend of R-125/R-32) and R-507[20][21] were promoted as replacements for CFCs and HCFCs in the 1990s and 2000s. HFCs were not ozone-depleting but did have global warming potentials (GWPs) thousands of times greater than CO2 with atmospheric lifetimes that can extend for decades. This in turn, starting from the 2010s, led to the adoption in new equipment of Hydrocarbon and HFO (hydrofluoroolefin) refrigerants R-32,[22] R-290,[23] R-600a,[23] R-454B,[24] R-1234yf,[25][26] R-514A,[27] R-744 (CO2),[28] R-1234ze(E)[29] and R-1233zd(E),[30] which have both an ODP of zero and a lower GWP. Hydrocarbons and CO2 are sometimes called natural refrigerants because they can be found in nature.

The environmental organization Greenpeace provided funding to a former East German refrigerator company to research alternative ozone- and climate-safe refrigerants in 1992. The company developed a hydrocarbon mixture of propane and isobutane, or pure isobutane,[31] called "Greenfreeze", but as a condition of the contract with Greenpeace could not patent the technology, which led to widespread adoption by other firms.[32][33][34] Policy and political influence by corporate executives resisted change however,[35][36] citing the flammability and explosive properties of the refrigerants,[37] and DuPont together with other companies blocked them in the U.S. with the U.S. EPA.[38][39]

Beginning on 14 November 1994, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency restricted the sale, possession and use of refrigerants to only licensed technicians, per rules under sections 608 and 609 of the Clean Air Act.[40] In 1995, Germany made CFC refrigerators illegal.[41]

In 1996 Eurammon, a European non-profit initiative for natural refrigerants, was established and comprises European companies, institutions, and industry experts.[42][43][44]

In 1997, FCs and HFCs were included in the Kyoto Protocol to the Framework Convention on Climate Change.

In 2000 in the UK, the Ozone Regulations[45] came into force which banned the use of ozone-depleting HCFC refrigerants such as R22 in new systems. The Regulation banned the use of R22 as a "top-up" fluid for maintenance from 2010 for virgin fluid and from 2015 for recycled fluid.[citation needed]

Addressing greenhouse gases

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With growing interest in natural refrigerants as alternatives to synthetic refrigerants such as CFCs, HCFCs and HFCs, in 2004, Greenpeace worked with multinational corporations like Coca-Cola and Unilever, and later Pepsico and others, to create a corporate coalition called Refrigerants Naturally!.[41][46] Four years later, Ben & Jerry's of Unilever and General Electric began to take steps to support production and use in the U.S.[47] It is estimated that almost 75 percent of the refrigeration and air conditioning sector has the potential to be converted to natural refrigerants.[48]

In 2006, the EU adopted a Regulation on fluorinated greenhouse gases (FCs and HFCs) to encourage to transition to natural refrigerants (such as hydrocarbons). It was reported in 2010 that some refrigerants are being used as recreational drugs, leading to an extremely dangerous phenomenon known as inhalant abuse.[49]

From 2011 the European Union started to phase out refrigerants with a global warming potential (GWP) of more than 150 in automotive air conditioning (GWP = 100-year warming potential of one kilogram of a gas relative to one kilogram of CO2) such as the refrigerant HFC-134a (known as R-134a in North America) which has a GWP of 1526.[50] In the same year the EPA decided in favour of the ozone- and climate-safe refrigerant for U.S. manufacture.[32][51][52]

A 2018 study by the nonprofit organization "Drawdown" put proper refrigerant management and disposal at the very top of the list of climate impact solutions, with an impact equivalent to eliminating over 17 years of US carbon dioxide emissions.[53]

In 2019 it was estimated that CFCs, HCFCs, and HFCs were responsible for about 10% of direct radiative forcing from all long-lived anthropogenic greenhouse gases.[54] and in the same year the UNEP published new voluntary guidelines,[55] however many countries have not yet ratified the Kigali Amendment.

From early 2020 HFCs (including R-404A, R-134a and R-410A) are being superseded: Residential air-conditioning systems and heat pumps are increasingly using R-32. This still has a GWP of more than 600. Progressive devices use refrigerants with almost no climate impact, namely R-290 (propane), R-600a (isobutane) or R-1234yf (less flammable, in cars). In commercial refrigeration also CO2 (R-744) can be used.

Requirements and desirable properties

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A refrigerant needs to have: a boiling point that is somewhat below the target temperature (although boiling point can be adjusted by adjusting the pressure appropriately), a high heat of vaporization, a moderate density in liquid form, a relatively high density in gaseous form (which can also be adjusted by setting pressure appropriately), and a high critical temperature. Working pressures should ideally be containable by copper tubing, a commonly available material. Extremely high pressures should be avoided.[citation needed]

The ideal refrigerant would be: non-corrosive, non-toxic, non-flammable, with no ozone depletion and global warming potential. It should preferably be natural with well-studied and low environmental impact. Newer refrigerants address the issue of the damage that CFCs caused to the ozone layer and the contribution that HCFCs make to climate change, but some do raise issues relating to toxicity and/or flammability.[56]

Common refrigerants

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Refrigerants with very low climate impact

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With increasing regulations, refrigerants with a very low global warming potential are expected to play a dominant role in the 21st century,[57] in particular, R-290 and R-1234yf. Starting from almost no market share in 2018,[58] low GWPO devices are gaining market share in 2022.

Code Chemical Name GWP 20yr[59] GWP 100yr[59] Status Commentary
R-290 C3H8 Propane   3.3[60] Increasing use Low cost, widely available and efficient. They also have zero ozone depletion potential. Despite their flammability, they are increasingly used in domestic refrigerators and heat pumps. In 2010, about one-third of all household refrigerators and freezers manufactured globally used isobutane or an isobutane/propane blend, and this was expected to increase to 75% by 2020.[61]
R-600a HC(CH3)3 Isobutane   3.3 Widely used See R-290.
R-717 NH3 Ammonia 0 0[62] Widely used Commonly used before the popularisation of CFCs, it is again being considered but does suffer from the disadvantage of toxicity, and it requires corrosion-resistant components, which restricts its domestic and small-scale use. Anhydrous ammonia is widely used in industrial refrigeration applications and hockey rinks because of its high energy efficiency and low cost.
R-1234yf HFO-1234yf C3H2F4 2,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropene   <1   Less performance but also less flammable than R-290.[57] GM announced that it would start using "hydro-fluoro olefin", HFO-1234yf, in all of its brands by 2013.[63]
R-744 CO2 Carbon dioxide 1 1 In use Was used as a refrigerant prior to the discovery of CFCs (this was also the case for propane)[4] and now having a renaissance due to it being non-ozone depleting, non-toxic and non-flammable. It may become the working fluid of choice to replace current HFCs in cars, supermarkets, and heat pumps. Coca-Cola has fielded CO2-based beverage coolers and the U.S. Army is considering CO2 refrigeration.[64][65] Due to the need to operate at pressures of up to 130 bars (1,900 psi; 13,000 kPa), CO2 systems require highly resistant components, however these have already been developed for mass production in many sectors.

Most used

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Code Chemical Name Global warming potential 20yr[59] GWP 100yr[59] Status Commentary
R-32 HFC-32 CH2F2 Difluoromethane 2430 677 Widely used Promoted as climate-friendly substitute for R-134a and R-410A, but still with high climate impact. Has excellent heat transfer and pressure drop performance, both in condensation and vaporisation.[66] It has an atmospheric lifetime of nearly 5 years.[67] Currently used in residential and commercial air-conditioners and heat pumps.
R-134a HFC-134a CH2FCF3 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane 3790 1550 Widely used Most used in 2020 for hydronic heat pumps in Europe and the United States in spite of high GWP.[58] Commonly used in automotive air conditioners prior to phase out which began in 2012.
R-410A   50% R-32 / 50% R-125 (pentafluoroethane) Between 2430 (R-32) and 6350 (R-125) > 677 Widely Used Most used in split heat pumps / AC by 2018. Almost 100% share in the USA.[58] Being phased out in the US starting in 2022.[68][69]

Banned / Phased out

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Code Chemical Name Global warming potential 20yr[59] GWP 100yr[59] Status Commentary
R-11 CFC-11 CCl3F Trichlorofluoromethane 6900 4660 Banned Production was banned in developed countries by Montreal Protocol in 1996
R-12 CFC-12 CCl2F2 Dichlorodifluoromethane 10800 10200 Banned Also known as Freon, a widely used chlorofluorocarbon halomethane (CFC). Production was banned in developed countries by Montreal Protocol in 1996, and in developing countries (article 5 countries) in 2010.[70]
R-22 HCFC-22 CHClF2 Chlorodifluoromethane 5280 1760 Being phased out A widely used hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) and powerful greenhouse gas with a GWP equal to 1810. Worldwide production of R-22 in 2008 was about 800 Gg per year, up from about 450 Gg per year in 1998. R-438A (MO-99) is a R-22 replacement.[71]
R-123 HCFC-123 CHCl2CF3 2,2-Dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane 292 79 US phase-out Used in large tonnage centrifugal chiller applications. All U.S. production and import of virgin HCFCs will be phased out by 2030, with limited exceptions.[72] R-123 refrigerant was used to retrofit some chiller that used R-11 refrigerant Trichlorofluoromethane. The production of R-11 was banned in developed countries by Montreal Protocol in 1996.[73]

Other

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Code Chemical Name Global warming potential 20yr[59] GWP 100yr[59] Commentary
R-152a HFC-152a CH3CHF2 1,1-Difluoroethane 506 138 As a compressed air duster
R-407C   Mixture of difluoromethane and pentafluoroethane and 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane     A mixture of R-32, R-125, and R-134a
R-454B   Difluoromethane and 2,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropene     HFOs blend of refrigerants Difluoromethane (R-32) and 2,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropene (R-1234yf).[74][75][76][77]
R-513A   An HFO/HFC blend (56% R-1234yf/44%R-134a)     May replace R-134a as an interim alternative[78]
R-514A   HFO-1336mzz-Z/trans-1,2- dichloroethylene (t-DCE)     An hydrofluoroolefin (HFO)-based refrigerant to replace R-123 in low pressure centrifugal chillers for commercial and industrial applications.[79][80]

Refrigerant reclamation and disposal

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Coolant and refrigerants are found throughout the industrialized world, in homes, offices, and factories, in devices such as refrigerators, air conditioners, central air conditioning systems (HVAC), freezers, and dehumidifiers. When these units are serviced, there is a risk that refrigerant gas will be vented into the atmosphere either accidentally or intentionally, hence the creation of technician training and certification programs in order to ensure that the material is conserved and managed safely. Mistreatment of these gases has been shown to deplete the ozone layer and is suspected to contribute to global warming.[81]

With the exception of isobutane and propane (R600a, R441A and R290), ammonia and CO2 under Section 608 of the United States' Clean Air Act it is illegal to knowingly release any refrigerants into the atmosphere.[82][83]

Refrigerant reclamation is the act of processing used refrigerant gas which has previously been used in some type of refrigeration loop such that it meets specifications for new refrigerant gas. In the United States, the Clean Air Act of 1990 requires that used refrigerant be processed by a certified reclaimer, which must be licensed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the material must be recovered and delivered to the reclaimer by EPA-certified technicians.[84]

Classification of refrigerants

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R407C pressure-enthalpy diagram, isotherms between the two saturation lines

Refrigerants may be divided into three classes according to their manner of absorption or extraction of heat from the substances to be refrigerated:[citation needed]

  • Class 1: This class includes refrigerants that cool by phase change (typically boiling), using the refrigerant's latent heat.
  • Class 2: These refrigerants cool by temperature change or 'sensible heat', the quantity of heat being the specific heat capacity x the temperature change. They are air, calcium chloride brine, sodium chloride brine, alcohol, and similar nonfreezing solutions. The purpose of Class 2 refrigerants is to receive a reduction of temperature from Class 1 refrigerants and convey this lower temperature to the area to be cooled.
  • Class 3: This group consists of solutions that contain absorbed vapors of liquefiable agents or refrigerating media. These solutions function by nature of their ability to carry liquefiable vapors, which produce a cooling effect by the absorption of their heat of solution. They can also be classified into many categories.

R numbering system

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The R- numbering system was developed by DuPont (which owned the Freon trademark), and systematically identifies the molecular structure of refrigerants made with a single halogenated hydrocarbon. ASHRAE has since set guidelines for the numbering system as follows:[85]

R-X1X2X3X4

  • X1 = Number of unsaturated carbon-carbon bonds (omit if zero)
  • X2 = Number of carbon atoms minus 1 (omit if zero)
  • X3 = Number of hydrogen atoms plus 1
  • X4 = Number of fluorine atoms

Series

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  • R-xx Methane Series
  • R-1xx Ethane Series
  • R-2xx Propane Series
  • R-4xx Zeotropic blend
  • R-5xx Azeotropic blend
  • R-6xx Saturated hydrocarbons (except for propane which is R-290)
  • R-7xx Inorganic Compounds with a molar mass < 100
  • R-7xxx Inorganic Compounds with a molar mass ≥ 100

Ethane Derived Chains

[edit]
  • Number Only Most symmetrical isomer
  • Lower Case Suffix (a, b, c, etc.) indicates increasingly unsymmetrical isomers

Propane Derived Chains

[edit]
  • Number Only If only one isomer exists; otherwise:
  • First lower case suffix (a-f):
    • a Suffix Cl2 central carbon substitution
    • b Suffix Cl, F central carbon substitution
    • c Suffix F2 central carbon substitution
    • d Suffix Cl, H central carbon substitution
    • e Suffix F, H central carbon substitution
    • f Suffix H2 central carbon substitution
  • 2nd Lower Case Suffix (a, b, c, etc.) Indicates increasingly unsymmetrical isomers

Propene derivatives

[edit]
  • First lower case suffix (x, y, z):
    • x Suffix Cl substitution on central atom
    • y Suffix F substitution on central atom
    • z Suffix H substitution on central atom
  • Second lower case suffix (a-f):
    • a Suffix =CCl2 methylene substitution
    • b Suffix =CClF methylene substitution
    • c Suffix =CF2 methylene substitution
    • d Suffix =CHCl methylene substitution
    • e Suffix =CHF methylene substitution
    • f Suffix =CH2 methylene substitution

Blends

[edit]
  • Upper Case Suffix (A, B, C, etc.) Same blend with different compositions of refrigerants

Miscellaneous

[edit]
  • R-Cxxx Cyclic compound
  • R-Exxx Ether group is present
  • R-CExxx Cyclic compound with an ether group
  • R-4xx/5xx + Upper Case Suffix (A, B, C, etc.) Same blend with different composition of refrigerants
  • R-6xx + Lower Case Letter Indicates increasingly unsymmetrical isomers
  • 7xx/7xxx + Upper Case Letter Same molar mass, different compound
  • R-xxxxB# Bromine is present with the number after B indicating how many bromine atoms
  • R-xxxxI# Iodine is present with the number after I indicating how many iodine atoms
  • R-xxx(E) Trans Molecule
  • R-xxx(Z) Cis Molecule

For example, R-134a has 2 carbon atoms, 2 hydrogen atoms, and 4 fluorine atoms, an empirical formula of tetrafluoroethane. The "a" suffix indicates that the isomer is unbalanced by one atom, giving 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane. R-134 (without the "a" suffix) would have a molecular structure of 1,1,2,2-Tetrafluoroethane.

The same numbers are used with an R- prefix for generic refrigerants, with a "Propellant" prefix (e.g., "Propellant 12") for the same chemical used as a propellant for an aerosol spray, and with trade names for the compounds, such as "Freon 12". Recently, a practice of using abbreviations HFC- for hydrofluorocarbons, CFC- for chlorofluorocarbons, and HCFC- for hydrochlorofluorocarbons has arisen, because of the regulatory differences among these groups.[citation needed]

Refrigerant safety

[edit]

ASHRAE Standard 34, Designation and Safety Classification of Refrigerants, assigns safety classifications to refrigerants based upon toxicity and flammability.

Using safety information provided by producers, ASHRAE assigns a capital letter to indicate toxicity and a number to indicate flammability. The letter "A" is the least toxic and the number 1 is the least flammable.[86]

See also

[edit]
  • Brine (Refrigerant)
  • Section 608
  • List of Refrigerants

References

[edit]
  1. ^ United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). "Update on New Refrigerants Designations and Safety Classifications" (PDF). ASHRAE. Retrieved 6 October 2024.
  2. ^ "Phaseout of Class II Ozone-Depleting Substances". US Environmental Protection Agency. 22 July 2015. Retrieved October 6, 2024.
  3. ^ "Protecting Our Climate by Reducing Use of HFCs". United States Environmental Protection Agency. 8 February 2021. Retrieved 6 October 2024.
  4. ^ a b Pearson, S. Forbes. "Refrigerants Past, Present and Future" (PDF). R744. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-07-13. Retrieved 2021-03-30.
  5. ^ a b c "Finally, a replacement for R123?". Cooling Post. 17 October 2013.
  6. ^ https://asrjetsjournal.org/index.php/American_Scientific_Journal/article/download/3297/1244/
  7. ^ a b Tomczyk, John (1 May 2017). "What's the Latest with R-404A?". achrnews.com.
  8. ^ Molina, Mario J.; Rowland, F. S (28 June 1974). "Stratospheric sink for chlorofluoromethanes: chlorine catalysed destruction of ozone" (PDF). Nature. 249: 810–812. doi:10.1038/249810a0. Retrieved October 6, 2024.
  9. ^ National Research Council (1976). Halocarbons: Effects on Stratospheric Ozone. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi:10.17226/19978. ISBN 978-0-309-02532-4. Retrieved October 6, 2024.
  10. ^ "Air Conditioners, Dehumidifiers, and R-410A Refrigerant". Sylvane. 1 July 2011. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
  11. ^ Protection, United States Congress Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works Subcommittee on Environmental (May 14, 1987). "Clean Air Act Amendments of 1987: Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Environmental Protection of the Committee on Environment and Public Works, United States Senate, One Hundredth Congress, First Session, on S. 300, S. 321, S. 1351, and S. 1384 ..." U.S. Government Printing Office – via Google Books.
  12. ^ Fluorinated Hydrocarbons—Advances in Research and Application (2013 ed.). ScholarlyEditions. June 21, 2013. p. 179. ISBN 9781481675703 – via Google Books.
  13. ^ Whitman, Bill; Johnson, Bill; Tomczyk, John; Silberstein, Eugene (February 25, 2008). Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Technology. Cengage Learning. p. 171. ISBN 978-1111803223 – via Google Books.
  14. ^ "Scroll Chillers: Conversion from HCFC-22 to HFC-410A and HFC-407C" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-07-20. Retrieved 2021-03-29.
  15. ^ "What's Happening With R-134a? | 2017-06-05 | ACHRNEWS | ACHR News". achrnews.com.
  16. ^ "Conversion R12/R134a" (PDF). Behr Hella Service GmbH. 1 October 2005. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
  17. ^ "R-407A Gains SNAP OK". achrnews.com (Press release). 22 June 2009.
  18. ^ "June 26, 2009: Emerson Approves R-407A, R-407C for Copeland Discus Compressors". achrnews.com.
  19. ^ "Taking New Refrigerants to the Peak". achrnews.com.
  20. ^ Koenig, H. (31 December 1995). "R502/R22 - replacement refrigerant R507 in commercial refrigeration; R502/R22 - Ersatzkaeltemittel R507 in der Gewerbekuehlung. Anwendungstechnik - Kaeltemittel".
  21. ^ Linton, J. W.; Snelson, W. K.; Triebe, A. R.; Hearty, P. F. (31 December 1995). "System performance comparison of R-507 with R-502". OSTI 211821.
  22. ^ "Daikin reveals details of R32 VRV air conditioner". Cooling Post. 6 February 2020.
  23. ^ a b "Refrigerant blends to challenge hydrocarbon efficiencies". Cooling Post. 22 December 2019.
  24. ^ "An HVAC Technician's Guide to R-454B". achrnews.com.
  25. ^ "The truth about new automotive A/C refrigerant R1234YF". 25 July 2018.
  26. ^ Kontomaris, Konstantinos (2014). "HFO-1336mzz-Z: High Temperature Chemical Stability and Use as A Working Fluid in Organic Rankine Cycles". International Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conference. Paper 1525
  27. ^ "Trane adopts new low GWP refrigerant R514A". Cooling Post. 15 June 2016.
  28. ^ "R404A – the alternatives". Cooling Post. 26 February 2014.
  29. ^ "Carrier expands R1234ze chiller range". Cooling Post. 20 May 2020.
  30. ^ "Carrier confirms an HFO refrigerant future". Cooling Post. 5 June 2019.
  31. ^ "Greenfreeze: A revolution in domestic refrigeration". ecomall.com. Retrieved 2022-07-04.
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  33. ^ "Ozone Secretariat". United Nations Environment Programme. Archived from the original on 12 April 2015.
  34. ^ Gunkel, Christoph (13 September 2013). "Öko-Coup aus Ostdeutschland". Der Spiegel (in German). Retrieved 4 September 2015.
  35. ^ Maté, John (2001). "Making a Difference: A Case Study of the Greenpeace Ozone Campaign". Review of European Community & International Environmental Law. 10 (2): 190–198. doi:10.1111/1467-9388.00275.
  36. ^ Benedick, Richard Elliot Ozone Diplomacy Cambridge, MA: Harvard University 1991.
  37. ^ Honeywell International, Inc. (2010-07-09). "Comment on EPA Proposed Rule Office of Air and Radiation Proposed Significant New Alternatives Policy (SNAP) Protection of Stratospheric Ozone: Listing of Substitutes for Ozone-Depleting Substances – Hydrocarbon Refrigerants" (PDF).
  38. ^ "Discurso de Frank Guggenheim no lançamento do Greenfreeze | Brasil". Greenpeace.org. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 10 June 2015.
  39. ^ "Der Greenfreeze - endlich in den USA angekommen". Greenpeace.de (in German). 28 December 2011. Retrieved 10 June 2015.
  40. ^ "Complying With The Section 608 Refrigerant Recycling Rule | Ozone Layer Protection - Regulatory Programs". Epa.gov. 21 April 2015. Retrieved 10 June 2015.
  41. ^ a b "Greenfreeze: a Revolution in Domestic Refrigeration". ecomall.com. Retrieved 8 June 2015.
  42. ^ "Company background". Archived from the original on 2020-02-20. Retrieved 2021-03-15.
  43. ^ Safeguarding the ozone layer and the global climate System: issues related to Hydrofluorocarbons and Perfluorocarbons (Report). IPCC/TEAP. 2005.
  44. ^ Crowley, Thomas J. (2000). "Causes of Climate Change over the Past 1000 Years". Science. 289 (5477): 270–277. Bibcode:2000Sci...289..270C. doi:10.1126/science.289.5477.270. PMID 10894770.
  45. ^ "2010 to 2015 government policy: environmental quality". GOV.UK. 8 May 2015. Retrieved 10 June 2015.
  46. ^ "PepsiCo Brings First Climate-Friendly Vending Machines to the U.S." phx.corporate-ir.net. Retrieved 8 June 2015.
  47. ^ "Climate-Friendly Greenfreezers Come to the United States". WNBC. 2 October 2008. Retrieved 8 June 2015.
  48. ^ Data, Reports and (7 August 2020). "Natural Refrigerants Market To Reach USD 2.88 Billion By 2027 | Reports and Data". GlobeNewswire News Room (Press release). Retrieved 17 December 2020.
  49. ^ Harris, Catharine. "Anti-inhalant Abuse Campaign Targets Building Codes: 'Huffing’ of Air Conditioning Refrigerant a Dangerous Risk." The Nation's Health. American Public Health Association, 2010. Web. 5 December 2010. https://www.thenationshealth.org/content/39/4/20
  50. ^ IPCC AR6 WG1 Ch7 2021
  51. ^ "GreenFreeze". Greenpeace.
  52. ^ "Significant New Alternatives Program: Substitutes in Household Refrigerators and Freezers". Epa.gov. 13 November 2014. Retrieved 4 June 2018.
  53. ^ Berwald, Juli (29 April 2019). "One overlooked way to fight climate change? Dispose of old CFCs". National Geographic - Environment. Archived from the original on April 29, 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
  54. ^ Butler J. and Montzka S. (2020). "The NOAA Annual Greenhouse Gas Index (AGGI)". NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory/Earth System Research Laboratories.
  55. ^ Environment, U. N. (31 October 2019). "New guidelines for air conditioners and refrigerators set to tackle climate change". UN Environment. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
  56. ^ Rosenthal, Elisabeth; Lehren, Andrew (20 June 2011). "Relief in Every Window, but Global Worry Too". The New York Times. Retrieved 21 June 2012.
  57. ^ a b Yadav et al 2022
  58. ^ a b c BSRIA 2020
  59. ^ a b c d e f g h IPCC AR5 WG1 Ch8 2013, pp. 714, 731–737
  60. ^ "European Commission on retrofit refrigerants for stationary applications" (PDF). Archived from the original on August 5, 2009. Retrieved 2010-10-29.cite web: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  61. ^ "Protection of Stratospheric Ozone: Hydrocarbon Refrigerants" (PDF). Environment Protection Agency. Retrieved 5 August 2018.
  62. ^ ARB 2022
  63. ^ GM to Introduce HFO-1234yf AC Refrigerant in 2013 US Models
  64. ^ "The Coca-Cola Company Announces Adoption of HFC-Free Insulation in Refrigeration Units to Combat Global Warming". The Coca-Cola Company. 5 June 2006. Archived from the original on 1 November 2013. Retrieved 11 October 2007.
  65. ^ "Modine reinforces its CO2 research efforts". R744.com. 28 June 2007. Archived from the original on 10 February 2008.
  66. ^ Longo, Giovanni A.; Mancin, Simone; Righetti, Giulia; Zilio, Claudio (2015). "HFC32 vaporisation inside a Brazed Plate Heat Exchanger (BPHE): Experimental measurements and IR thermography analysis". International Journal of Refrigeration. 57: 77–86. doi:10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2015.04.017.
  67. ^ May 2010 TEAP XXI/9 Task Force Report
  68. ^ "Protecting Our Climate by Reducing Use of HFCs". US Environmental Protection Agency. 8 February 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2022.
  69. ^ "Background on HFCs and the AIM Act". www.usepa.gov. US EPA. March 2021. Retrieved 27 June 2024.
  70. ^ "1:Update on Ozone-Depleting Substances (ODSs) and Other Gases of Interest to the Montreal Protocol". Scientific assessment of ozone depletion: 2018 (PDF) (Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project–Report No. 58 ed.). Geneva, Switzerland: World Meteorological Organization. 2018. p. 1.10. ISBN 978-1-7329317-1-8. Retrieved 22 November 2020.
  71. ^ [1] Chemours M099 as R22 Replacement
  72. ^ [2] Management of HCFC-123 through the Phaseout and Beyond | EPA | Published August 2020 | Retrieved Dec. 18, 2021
  73. ^ [3] Refrigerant R11 (R-11), Freon 11 (Freon R-11) Properties & Replacement
  74. ^ [4] R-454B XL41 refrigerant fact & info sheet
  75. ^ [5] R-454B emerges as a replacement for R-410A | ACHR News (Air Conditioning, Heating, Refrigeration News)
  76. ^ [6] Ccarrier introduces [R-454B] Puron Advance™ as the next generation refrigerant for ducted residential, light commercial products in North America | Indianapolis - 19 December 2018
  77. ^ [7] Johnson Controls selects R-454B as future refrigerant for new HVAC equipment | 27 May 2021
  78. ^ [8] A conversation on refrigerants | ASHRAE Journal, March 2021 | page 30, column 1, paragraph 2
  79. ^ [9] Opteon™ XP30 (R-514A) refrigerant
  80. ^ [10] Trane adopts new low GWP refrigerant R514A | 15 June 2016
  81. ^ "Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United States 1998 - Executive Summary". 18 August 2000. Archived from the original on 18 August 2000.
  82. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions on Section 608". Environment Protection Agency. Retrieved 20 December 2013.
  83. ^ "US hydrocarbons". Retrieved 5 August 2018.
  84. ^ "42 U.S. Code § 7671g - National recycling and emission reduction program". LII / Legal Information Institute.
  85. ^ ASHRAE; UNEP (Nov 2022). "Designation and Safety Classification of Refrigerants" (PDF). ASHRAE. Retrieved 1 July 2023.
  86. ^ "Update on New Refrigerants Designations and Safety Classifications" (PDF). American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE). April 2020. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 13, 2023. Retrieved October 22, 2022.
 

Sources

[edit]

IPCC reports

[edit]
  • IPCC (2013). Stocker, T. F.; Qin, D.; Plattner, G.-K.; Tignor, M.; et al. (eds.). Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis (PDF). Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-05799-9. (pb: 978-1-107-66182-0). Fifth Assessment Report - Climate Change 2013
    • Myhre, G.; Shindell, D.; Bréon, F.-M.; Collins, W.; et al. (2013). "Chapter 8: Anthropogenic and Natural Radiative Forcing" (PDF). Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. pp. 659–740.
  • IPCC (2021). Masson-Delmotte, V.; Zhai, P.; Pirani, A.; Connors, S. L.; et al. (eds.). Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis (PDF). Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press (In Press).
  • Forster, Piers; Storelvmo, Trude (2021). "Chapter 7: The Earth's Energy Budget, Climate Feedbacks, and Climate Sensitivity" (PDF). IPCC AR6 WG1 2021.

Other

[edit]
  • "High GWP refrigerants". California Air Resources Board. Retrieved 13 February 2022.
  • "BSRIA's view on refrigerant trends in AC and Heat Pump segments". 2020. Retrieved 2022-02-14.
  • Yadav, Saurabh; Liu, Jie; Kim, Sung Chul (2022). "A comprehensive study on 21st-century refrigerants - R290 and R1234yf: A review". International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 122: 121947. Bibcode:2022IJHMT.18221947Y. doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2021.121947. S2CID 240534198.
[edit]
  • US Environmental Protection Agency page on the GWPs of various substances
  • Green Cooling Initiative on alternative natural refrigerants cooling technologies
  • International Institute of Refrigeration Archived 2018-09-25 at the Wayback Machine

 

Mobile homes with detached single car garages

A mobile home (also known as a house trailer, park home, trailer, or trailer home) is a prefabricated structure, built in a factory on a permanently attached chassis before being transported to site (either by being towed or on a trailer). Used as permanent homes, or for holiday or temporary accommodation, they are often left permanently or semi-permanently in one place, but can be moved, and may be required to move from time to time for legal reasons.

Mobile homes share the same historic origins as travel trailers, but today the two are very different, with travel trailers being used primarily as temporary or vacation homes. Behind the cosmetic work fitted at installation to hide the base, mobile homes have strong trailer frames, axles, wheels, and tow-hitches.

History

[edit]

In the United States, this form of housing goes back to the early years of cars and motorized highway travel.[1] It was derived from the travel trailer (often referred to during the early years as "house trailers" or "trailer coaches"), a small unit with wheels attached permanently, often used for camping or extended travel. The original rationale for this type of housing was its mobility. Units were initially marketed primarily to people whose lifestyle required mobility. However, in the 1950s, the homes began to be marketed primarily as an inexpensive form of housing designed to be set up and left in a location for long periods of time or even permanently installed with a masonry foundation. Previously, units had been eight feet or fewer in width, but in 1956, the 10-foot (3.0 m) wide home ("ten-wide") was introduced, along with the new term "mobile home".[2]

The homes were given a rectangular shape, made from pre-painted aluminum panels, rather than the streamlined shape of travel trailers, which were usually painted after assembly. All of this helped increase the difference between these homes and home/travel trailers. The smaller, "eight-wide" units could be moved simply with a car, but the larger, wider units ("ten-wide", and, later, "twelve-wide") usually required the services of a professional trucking company, and, often, a special moving permit from a state highway department. During the late 1960s and early 1970s, the homes were made even longer and wider, making the mobility of the units more difficult. Nowadays, when a factory-built home is moved to a location, it is usually kept there permanently and the mobility of the units has considerably decreased. In some states, mobile homes have been taxed as personal property if the wheels remain attached, but as real estate if the wheels are removed. Removal of the tongue and axles may also be a requirement for real estate classification.

Manufactured home

[edit]
Example of a modern manufactured home in New Alexandria, Pennsylvania. 28 by 60 feet (8.5 m × 18.3 m)
Manufactured home foundation

Mobile homes built in the United States since June 1976, legally referred to as manufactured homes, are required to meet FHA certification requirements and come with attached metal certification tags. Mobile homes permanently installed on owned land are rarely mortgageable, whereas FHA code manufactured homes are mortgageable through VA, FHA, and Fannie Mae.

Many people who could not afford a traditional site-built home, or did not desire to commit to spending a large sum of money on housing, began to see factory-built homes as a viable alternative for long-term housing needs. The units were often marketed as an alternative to apartment rental. However, the tendency of the units of this era to depreciate rapidly in resale value[citation needed] made using them as collateral for loans much riskier than traditional home loans. Terms were usually limited to less than the thirty-year term typical of the general home-loan market, and interest rates were considerably higher.[citation needed] In that way, mobile home loans resembled motor vehicle loans more than traditional home mortgage loans.

Construction and sizes

[edit]
Exterior wall assemblies being set in place during manufacture

Mobile homes come in two major sizes, single-wides and double-wides. Single-wides are 18 feet (5.5 m) or less in width and 90 feet (27 m) or less in length and can be towed to their site as a single unit. Double-wides are 20 feet (6.1 m) or more wide and are 90 feet (27 m) in length or less and are towed to their site in two separate units, which are then joined. Triple-wides and even homes with four, five, or more units are also built but less frequently.

While site-built homes are rarely moved, single-wide owners often "trade" or sell their home to a dealer in the form of the reduction of the purchase of a new home. These "used" homes are either re-sold to new owners or to park owners who use them as inexpensive rental units. Single-wides are more likely to be traded than double-wides because removing them from the site is easier. In fact, only about 5% of all double-wides will ever be moved.[citation needed]

While an EF1 tornado might cause minor damage to a site-built home, it could do significant damage to a factory-built home, especially an older model or one that is not properly secured. Also, structural components (such as windows) are typically weaker than those in site-built homes.[3] 70 miles per hour (110 km/h) winds can destroy a mobile home in a matter of minutes. Many brands offer optional hurricane straps, which can be used to tie the home to anchors embedded in the ground.

Regulations

[edit]

United States

[edit]
Home struck by tornado

In the United States, mobile homes are regulated by the US Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), via the Federal National Manufactured Housing Construction and Safety Standards Act of 1974. This national regulation has allowed many manufacturers to distribute nationwide because they are immune to the jurisdiction of local building authorities.[4] [5]: 1  By contrast, producers of modular homes must abide by state and local building codes. There are, however, wind zones adopted by HUD that home builders must follow. For example, statewide, Florida is at least wind zone 2. South Florida is wind zone 3, the strongest wind zone. After Hurricane Andrew in 1992, new standards were adopted for home construction. The codes for building within these wind zones were significantly amended, which has greatly increased their durability. During the 2004 hurricanes in Florida, these standards were put to the test, with great success. Yet, older models continue to face the exposed risk to high winds because of the attachments applied such as carports, porch and screen room additions. Such areas are exposed to "wind capture" which apply extreme force to the underside of the integrated roof panel systems, ripping the fasteners through the roof pan causing a series of events which destroys the main roof system and the home.

The popularity of the factory-built homes caused complications the legal system was not prepared to handle. Originally, factory-built homes tended to be taxed as vehicles rather than real estate, which resulted in very low property tax rates for their inhabitants. That caused local governments to reclassify them for taxation purposes.

However, even with that change, rapid depreciation often resulted in the home occupants paying far less in property taxes than had been anticipated and budgeted. The ability to move many factory-built homes rapidly into a relatively small area resulted in strains to the infrastructure and governmental services of the affected areas, such as inadequate water pressure and sewage disposal, and highway congestion. That led jurisdictions to begin placing limitations on the size and density of developments.

Early homes, even those that were well-maintained, tended to depreciate over time, much like motor vehicles. That is in contrast to site-built homes which include the land they are built on and tend to appreciate in value. The arrival of mobile homes in an area tended to be regarded with alarm, in part because of the devaluation of the housing potentially spreading to preexisting structures.

This combination of factors has caused most jurisdictions to place zoning regulations on the areas in which factory-built homes are placed, and limitations on the number and density of homes permitted on any given site. Other restrictions, such as minimum size requirements, limitations on exterior colors and finishes, and foundation mandates have also been enacted. There are many jurisdictions that will not allow the placement of any additional factory-built homes. Others have strongly limited or forbidden all single-wide models, which tend to depreciate more rapidly than modern double-wide models.

Apart from all the practical issues described above, there is also the constant discussion about legal fixture and chattels and so the legal status of a trailer is or could be affected by its incorporation to the land or not. This sometimes involves such factors as whether or not the wheels have been removed.

North Carolina

[edit]

The North Carolina Board of Transportation allowed 14-foot-wide homes on the state's roads, but until January 1997, 16-foot-wide homes were not allowed. 41 states allowed 16-foot-wide homes, but they were not sold in North Carolina. Under a trial program approved January 10, 1997, the wider homes could be delivered on specific roads at certain times of day and travel 10 mph below the speed limit, with escort vehicles in front and behind.[6][7] Eventually, all homes had to leave the state on interstate highways.[8]

In December 1997, a study showed that the wider homes could be delivered safely, but some opponents still wanted the program to end.[9] On December 2, 1999, the NC Manufactured Housing Institute asked the state Board of Transportation to expand the program to allow deliveries of 16-foot-wide homes within North Carolina.[8] A month later, the board extended the pilot program by three months but did not vote to allow shipments within the state.[10] In June 2000, the board voted to allow 16-foot-side homes to be shipped to other states on more two-lane roads, and to allow shipments in the state east of US 220. A third escort was required, including a law enforcement officer on two-lane roads.[11]

New York

[edit]

In New York State, the Homes and Community Renewal agency tracks mobile home parks and provides regulations concerning them. For example, the agency requires park owners to provide residents with a $15,000 grant if residents are forced to move when the land is transferred to a new owner. Residents are also granted the right of first refusal for a sale of the park, however, if the owner does not evict tenants for five years, the land sale can go ahead. State law also restricts the annual increase in land lot fee to a cap of 3 percent, unless the landowner demonstrates hardship in a local court, and can then raise the land lot fee by up to 6 percent in a year.[12]

Mobile home parks

[edit]
Meadow Lanes Estates Mobile Home Park, Ames, Iowa, August 2010, during a flood

Mobile homes are often sited in land lease communities known as trailer parks (also 'trailer courts', 'mobile home parks', 'mobile home communities', 'manufactured home communities', 'factory-built home communities' etc.); these communities allow homeowners to rent space on which to place a home. In addition to providing space, the site often provides basic utilities such as water, sewer, electricity, or natural gas and other amenities such as mowing, garbage removal, community rooms, pools, and playgrounds.

There are over 38,000[13] trailer parks in the United States ranging in size from 5 to over 1,000 home sites. Although most parks appeal to meeting basic housing needs, some communities specialize towards certain segments of the market. One subset of mobile home parks, retirement communities, restrict residents to those age 55 and older. Another subset of mobile home parks, seasonal communities, are located in popular vacation destinations or are used as a location for summer homes. In New York State, as of 2019, there were 1,811 parks with 83,929 homes.[12]

Newer homes, particularly double-wides, tend to be built to much higher standards than their predecessors and meet the building codes applicable to most areas. That has led to a reduction in the rate of value depreciation of most used units.[14]

Additionally, modern homes tend to be built from materials similar to those used in site-built homes rather than inferior, lighter-weight materials. They are also more likely to physically resemble site-built homes. Often, the primary differentiation in appearance is that factory-built homes tend to have less of a roof slope so that they can be readily transported underneath bridges and overpasses.[citation needed]

The number of double-wide units sold exceeds the number of single-wides, which is due in part to the aforementioned zoning restrictions. Another reason for higher sales is the spaciousness of double-wide units, which are now comparable to site-built homes. Single-wide units are still popular primarily in rural areas, where there are fewer restrictions. They are frequently used as temporary housing in areas affected by natural disasters when restrictions are temporarily waived.[citation needed]

Another recent trend has been parks in which the owner of the mobile home owns the lot on which their unit is parked. Some of these communities simply provide land in a homogeneous neighborhood, but others are operated more like condominiums with club homes complete with swimming pools and meeting rooms which are shared by all of the residents, who are required to pay membership fees and dues.

By country

[edit]

Mobile home (or mobile-homes) are used in many European campgrounds to refer to fixed caravans, purpose-built cabins, and even large tents, which are rented by the week or even year-round as cheap accommodation, similar to the US concept of a trailer park. Like many other US loanwords, the term is not used widely in Britain.[citation needed]

United Kingdom

[edit]
A mobile home marketed as a holiday home

Mobile Homes or Static Caravans are popular across the United Kingdom. They are more commonly referred to as Park Homes or Leisure Lodges, depending on if they are marketed as a residential dwelling or as a second holiday home residence.

Residential Mobile homes (park homes) are built to the BS3632 standard. This standard is issued by the British Standards Institute. The institute is a UK body who produce a range of standards for businesses and products to ensure they are fit for purpose. The majority of residential parks in the UK have a minimum age limit for their residents, and are generally marketed as retirement or semi-retirement parks. Holiday Homes, static caravans or holiday lodges aren't required to be built to BS3632 standards, but many are built to the standard.

A static caravan park on the cliffs above Beer, Devon, England

In addition to mobile homes, static caravans are popular across the UK. Static caravans have wheels and a rudimentary chassis with no suspension or brakes and are therefore transported on the back of large flatbed lorries, the axle and wheels being used for movement to the final location when the static caravan is moved by tractor or 4×4. A static caravan normally stays on a single plot for many years and has many of the modern conveniences normally found in a home.

Mobile homes are designed and constructed to be transportable by road in one or two sections. Mobile homes are no larger than 20 m × 6.8 m (65 ft 7 in × 22 ft 4 in) with an internal maximum height of 3.05 m (10 ft 0 in). Legally, mobile homes can still be defined as "caravans".

Static holiday caravans generally have sleeping accommodation for 6 to 10 people in 2, 3 or 4 bedrooms and on convertible seating in the lounge referred to as a 'pull out bed'. They tend towards a fairly "open-plan" layout, and while some units are double glazed and centrally heated for year-round use, cheaper models without double glazing or central heating are available for mainly summer use. Static caravan holiday homes are intended for leisure use and are available in 10 and 12 ft (3.0 and 3.7 m) widths, a small number in 13 and 14 ft (4.0 and 4.3 m) widths, and a few 16 ft (4.9 m) wide, consisting of two 8 ft (2.4 m) wide units joined. Generally, holiday homes are clad in painted steel panels, but can be clad in PVC, timber or composite materials. Static caravans are sited on caravan parks where the park operator of the site leases a plot to the caravan owner. There are many holiday parks in the UK in which one's own static caravan can be owned. There are a few of these parks in areas that are prone to flooding and anyone considering buying a sited static caravan needs to take particular care in checking that their site is not liable to flooding.

Static caravans can be rented on an ad-hoc basis or purchased. Purchase prices range from £25,000 to £100,000. Once purchased, static caravans have various ongoing costs including insurance, site fees, local authority rates, utility charges, winterisation and depreciation. Depending on the type of caravan and the park these costs can range from £1,000 to £40,000 per year.[15] Some park owners used to have unfair conditions in their lease contracts but the Office of Fair Trading has produced a guidance document available for download called Unfair Terms in Holiday Caravan Agreements which aims to stop unfair practices.

Israel

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Posting of caravan in Mitzpe Hila, Israel, 1982

Many Israeli settlements and outposts are originally composed of caravans (Hebrew: קראוואן caravan; pl. קראוואנים, caravanim). They are constructed of light metal, are not insulated but can be outfitted with heating and air-conditioning units, water lines, recessed lighting, and floor tiling to function in a full-service capacity. Starting in 2005, prefabricated homes, named caravillas (Hebrew: קרווילה), a portmanteau of the words caravan, and villa, begin to replace mobile homes in many Israeli settlements.

Difference from modular homes

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Because of similarities in the manufacturing process, some companies build both types in their factories. Modular homes are transported on flatbed trucks rather than being towed, and lack axles and an automotive-type frame. However, some modular homes are towed behind a semi-truck or toter on a frame similar to that of a trailer. The home is usually in two pieces and is hauled by two separate trucks. Each frame has five or more axles, depending on the size of the home. Once the home has reached its location, the axles and the tongue of the frame are then removed, and the home is set on a concrete foundation by a large crane.

Both styles are commonly referred to as factory-built housing, but that term's technical use is restricted to a class of homes regulated by the Federal National Mfd. Housing Construction and Safety Standards Act of 1974.

Most zoning restrictions on the homes have been found to be inapplicable or only applicable to modular homes. That occurs often after considerable litigation on the topic by affected jurisdictions and by plaintiffs failing to ascertain the difference. Most modern modulars, once fully assembled, are indistinguishable from site-built homes. Their roofs are usually transported as separate units. Newer modulars also come with roofs that can be raised during the setting process with cranes. There are also modulars with 2 to 4 storeys.

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See also

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  • All Parks Alliance for Change
  • Campervan
  • Construction trailer
  • Houseboat
  • Manufactured housing
  • Modular home
  • Motorhome
  • Nomadic wagons
  • Recreational vehicle
  • Reefer container housing units
  • Small house movement
  • Trailer (vehicle)
  • Trailer Park Boys
  • Trailer trash
  • Vardo
  • Prefabricated home

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Part 17, Mobile Home Parks". ny.gov.
  2. ^ "Mobile Manufactured Homes". ct.gov. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
  3. ^ "Caravan Repairs? Great Caravan Repair Deals!". canterburycaravans.com.au.
  4. ^ "Titles for Mobile Homes". AAA Digest of Motor Laws.
  5. ^ Andrews, Jeff (January 29, 2018). "HUD to explore deregulating manufactured housing". Curbed. Archived from the original on 2018-01-29. Retrieved 2019-04-19.
  6. ^ Hackett, Thomas (January 11, 1997). "Extra-wide homes to take to the road". News & Observer. p. A3.
  7. ^ Mitchell, Kirsten B. (January 10, 1997). "Wider trailer transport OK'd". Star-News. p. 1A.
  8. ^ a b Whitacre, Dianne (December 2, 1999). "Mobile-Home Makers Look to Squeeze on N.C. Roads". The Charlotte Observer. p. 1C.
  9. ^ "Study: Keep Curbs on Transporting Wide Mobile Homes". The Charlotte Observer. December 1, 1997. p. 4C.
  10. ^ Bonner, Lynn (January 7, 2000). "Program for wide mobile homes extended". News & Observer. p. A3.
  11. ^ "Wide mobile homes given final approval". News & Observer. June 3, 2000. p. A3.
  12. ^ a b Liberatore, Wendy (January 23, 2022). "Saratoga County's mobile home parks - a sign of an affordable housing crisis". www.timesunion.com. Retrieved January 23, 2022.
  13. ^ "Database of Mobile Home Parks in the United States". Retrieved 2009-02-17.
  14. ^ "Homes". Answers.com. Retrieved 2006-09-12.
  15. ^ "Cost of a static caravan or lodge". StaticCaravanExpert. 28 December 2020. Retrieved 2021-03-07.

Further reading

[edit]
  • Benson, J. E. (1990). Good neighbors: Ethnic relations in Garden City trailer courts. Urban Anthropology,19, 361–386.
  • Burch-Brown, C. (1996). Trailers. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia. Text by David Rigsbee.
  • Geisler, C. C., & Mitsuda, H. (1987). Mobile-home growth, regulation, and discrimination in upstate New York. Rural Sociology, 52, 532–543.
  • Hart, J. F., Rhodes, M. J., & Morgan, J. T. (2002). The unknown world of the mobile home. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • MacTavish, K. A., & Salamon, S. (2001). Mobile home park on the prairie: A new rural community form. Rural Sociology, 66, 487–506.
  • Moore, B. (2006). Trailer trash: The world of trailers and mobile homes in the Southwest. Laughlin: Route 66 Magazine.
  • Thornburg, D. A. (1991). Galloping bungalows: The rise and demise of the American house trailer. Hamden: Archon Books.
  • Wallis, A. D. (1991). Wheel estate: The rise and decline of mobile homes. New York: Oxford University Press.
[edit]
  • Regulating body in the UK
  • US Federal Manufactured Home Construction and Safety Standards

 

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Driving Directions in Tulsa County


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Reviews for Durham Supply Inc


Durham Supply Inc

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(5)

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Durham Supply Inc

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Durham Supply Inc

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Durham Supply Inc

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Frequently Asked Questions

Yes, you can often combine manufacturer rebates with financing options. Many HVAC retailers and manufacturers offer promotions that allow you to apply for rebates while also opting for installment payment plans. It’s important to check the specific terms and conditions of each rebate program and financing option to ensure they are compatible.
When selecting a financing option, consider interest rates, loan terms, monthly payments, and any fees associated with the financing plan. Look for 0% interest or low-interest promotional offers if available, and calculate the total cost over time compared to upfront payments. Additionally, assess your budget to determine what monthly payment is manageable without financial strain.
To find available rebates, start by checking the websites of HVAC manufacturers as they often list current promotions and rebate offers. Local utility companies might also provide incentives for energy-efficient installations. Additionally, some government programs offer tax credits or rebates for eco-friendly upgrades; it’s advisable to consult their websites or customer service representatives for more information on eligibility and application processes.